The Coal Measures. 205 
But ilicre was a factor in the building up of l\>nno- 
Garbonilorous rocks tliat we have not yet counted 
upon — volcanoes. Volcauic action contributed a groat 
deal to tho ,sum total ol tho series wo are doab in’ - with. 
K.-u'ly in tho period, as pointed out by Professor David, 
them is evidence of active volcanoes. At Seven Hills, 
near Raymond Terraco, volcanic tolls are interstrnti 
lied with coal-seams. This shows that while coal 
plants wore growing in the lagoons showers of vol- 
canic ash settled down and formed thick beds. Lavas 
ilowed down and tilled up the depression more than 
once. Altogether, beds of tuff and lavas fully 1000 
feet in thickness were formed in (his way. 
Later — how long we cannot measure in years- vol- 
canic I ires showed themselves at and around Kiama. 
Towards the close of the Permo-Carboniferous, ande- 
sitic lavas wore poured out, and vast amounts of 
volcanic tuffs were deposited. As already stated, these 
tails supplied the building stones, in later times, for the 
chocolate and purple shales. Three distinct sheets of 
lava, and a bed of red tuff, still remain to testify to the 
mighty energies of this old centre of volcanic fires. 
“ The volcano which poured out the lavas and tuffs 
near Kiama,” remarks Professor David, “was probably 
in its first stages sub-marine, and made its appearance 
in I he shallow Permo-f Carboniferous ocean, about thirty 
miles from the shore line, to tho south-west. 
Summary of Pkkmo-Cahjjonifuhous. 
Shortly, then, wo can say that the earliest condi- 
tions oi the Permo-Carboniferous were marine. Near 
