11 
b . Perfect-pistillate plant, flowering branch with its leaves, also 
portion of the root and some young shoots ; natural 
size. 
1. Longitudinal section of a lieadlet of flowers. 
2. A separate corolla, anthers and stigmas also visible. 
3. A corolla, laid open. 
4. A sterile anther with portion of filament. 
5 and 6. Fertile stigmas with style. 
7. Pappus. 
8. A separated pappus-bristlet. 
9. Fertile fruit. 
2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8. Much magnified, but to various extents. 
III. 
CARDUUS PYCNOCEPHALUS, Jacquin. 
The Shore-Thistle. 
Indigenous to Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, 
and South-Western Asia. 
The specific name is derived from the lieadlets of flowers, 
generally crowded, mostly without stalks at the summit of the 
branches. 
Height of the plant up to some few or rarely several feet; only 
once flowering from the same root under ordinary circumstances. 
Leaves much decurrent, except the lowest, when most developed 
to several inches long, of moderate width, frequently pinnatifid, 
irregularly spinular-denticulated, above seldom quite glabrous, 
beneath often from short hairlets webby-tomentellous, the lobes 
partly or irregularly incised, always ending in a short spinule. 
Headlets rather small and remarkably narrow, erect or diverging, 
usually from two to five close to each other at the end of the 
uppermost branchlets, without any near approach of conspicuous 
eaves. Involucre at flowering time almost hemiellipsoid or even, 
somewhat cylindric, occasionally bearing a lax webby vestiture, 
but not unfrequently almost glabrous, the constituting bracts 
rather small and smooth, pale-greenish outside, inside colourless 
and very shining, mostly linear-semilanceolar, but the lowest 
verging into an ovate form, hardly any of them strongly pungent, 
the upper somewhat spreading — (drawn on the whole too small, 
and not sufficiently pointed in the lithographic plate). Flowers 
much less numerous within each involucre than in most other 
species, linear-setular smooth bracts copiously betwixt them ; 
corolla purplish or verging into violet colour, its lower half thinly 
tubular, the upper half divided to beyond the middle into five 
very narrow lobes. Stamens alternate to the corolla-lobes, their 
filaments upwards disconnected, and there beset with minute hair- 
lets. Anthers pale, united into a tube, sagittate-linear. Style 
