9 
dilated and produced into five narrow lobes. Filaments of the 
stamens disconnected, beset with some hairlets ; the five anthers 
united into a tube, purplish, sagittate-linear, their pollen pale. 
Style capilhilar -filiform, glabrous ; the two stigmas very slender, 
purplish, soon exserted, coherent except at the summit. Fruits 
seed-like, obliquely cuneate-ellipsoid, compressed, hut also latterly 
angular, glabrous, outside pale yet shining, smooth. Pappus 
somewhat shorter than the corolla, consisting of whitish hygro- 
scopic capillulary and distantly plumous setules, finally much 
expanding and seceding, but often carrying the fruit with its 
solitary seed widely through the air, as in the case with all true 
Carduus Thistles. In cold climes this, like many other Thistles, 
is regarded as biennial; and here also it may pass into a second 
year if the growth becomes retarded or interrupted. 
Although the specific name is constantly ascribed to Linne, it 
occurs already in Ray’s works, if not before in G-erarde’s, with 
precisely the same wording, and it was indicated even by J. and 
C. Bauhin. 
Explanation of Plate I. 
a. A flowering branch with its leaves, natural size. 
b . 1. Longitudinal section of a headlet of flowers. 
2. A complete flower, with young fruit, also bracteal 
bristlets and pappus. 
3. A separate corolla. 
4. Stamens flattened out. 
o. Style and stigmas. 
6. Fruit. 
7. Transverse section of a fruit, showing the two cotyledons 
of the seed. 
8. Embryo. 
9. A bracteal bristlet. 
10. A pappus-bristlet. 
1-10. Magnified, 1 slightly so, the rest to various extent. 
II. 
CARDUUS ARVENSIS, Tabeknjemontanus. 
(Cnicus arvensis, G. E. Hoffmann; Cirsium arvense, Scopoli; Serratula 
arvensis, Linne. ) 
The perennial Thistle (called also, but incorrectly, the Canadian 
and the Californian Thistle), one of the Plume-Thistles, easily 
recognised by its perennial root and by having staminate and 
pistillate flowers perfected only on distinct plants, and these not 
always intermixed. Indigenous to Europe, Western Asia, and 
Northern Africa. The most mischievous of all immigrated 
Thistles, on account of the very great difficulty encountered in 
its eradication. 
