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It is possible that techniques similar to or derived from current 
recombinant DNA methodology may, in the future, be applicable to the 
deliberate modification of complex animals, including humans. Such 
modification might have as its aim correction of an inherited defect in 
an individual, or alteration of heritable characteristics in the offspring 
of individuals of a given species. The latter type of alteration has been 
successfully achieved in agriculture for centuries, by classical breeding 
techniques. It maybe that recombinant DNA methods, should they 
develop in appropriate ways, will offer new opportunities for specificity 
and accuracy in animal breeding. It should be noted, however, that the 
techniques covered by the NIH Guidelines involve the recombining of 
DNA fragments in the test tube and their insertion into independent 
single cells only. The techniques do not permit alteration of whole 
complex organisms. 
Application of such methods for the correction of individual genetic 
defects or the alteration of heritable characteristics in man, should 
these ever become possible, would pose complex and difficult problems. 
In addition to questions of concern to individuals, serious societal issues 
would be involved. Broad discussion in a variety of forums would be 
indicated. 
It would be premature to address these questions in an EIS con- 
cerning guidelines for protection against possibly hazardous 
microorganisms. 
Interest in such questions, however, has occasioned activities 
in both the executive and legislative branches. Concern has been 
expressed about the implications of certain forms of genetic investigation, 
ranging from techniques employing recombinant DNA to the broad subject 
of "genetic engineering. " Genetic engineering was discussed at both 
House and Senate hearings on recombinant DNA legislation. In bills 
pending in both houses, there are provisions for studies to be under- 
taken to ensure thorough review of the social, ethical, and legal 
implications of such techniques to alter the genetic character of man 
and other forms of life. 
