CONTENTS. 
FIRST PART. 
PAGE 
Preface, • . . . . . . . ... . . xxxv 
Historical Introduction : — 
A. — The Science of Oceanography, ........ 1 
f 
B. — Oceanographical Views of the Ancients, . . . . . . .2. 
C. — Oceanographical Views during the Dark Ages, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance, . 29 
D. — Progress of Oceanographical Knowledge, from the Voyage of Magellan to the Voyages of 
Cook, 46 
E. — The Progress of Oceanography from the Time of Cook to the Challenger Expedition, . 68 
F. — The Explorations of the Challenger, and subsequent Expeditions, . . . .103 
General Summary of the Scientific Observations and Results at each of the 
Challenger Observing Stations, ........ 107 
A. — Atlantic Ocean (outward voyage) :• — 
Cape Finisterre to Lisbon. 
PAGE 
PAGE 
Station I., 
109 
Station Id., 
. Ill 
„ Ia. to Ic., 
, 110 
Lisbon to Gibraltar. 
Stations II. and IIa., . 
.Ill 
Station TIL, . 
. 116 
„ IIb. to Iln., . 
115 
„ TV-, • 
117 
„ IIj. and IIk., 
. 116 
Gibraltar to Madeira. 
Station V., 
119 
Station VIIa., 
. 123 
Va 
,, V A. j 
. 121 
„ VIIb. to VIIf., 
123 
„ VI., . 
121 
„ Vila, to VIIj. 
. 125 
„ VII., . 
122 
Animals from Madeira, 
125 
