Tin: VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Diuir 
4 «» 
mad* in the open sea . 1 During his voyage Magellan also measured distances with 
the log.* 
Th ■ voyage of Magellan was the greatest event in the most remarkable period of the 
w ■ r I histi*n ; it far surpassed all others in its effect on oceanographical conceptions. 
Tin m. morabh' discoveries in the thirty years from 1492 to 1522 doubled at a single 
ui. 1 .11 that was previously known of the surface of the earth, and added a hemisphere 
chart of the world. The fiery zone of the ancients had been crossed, a death blow 
w is d* alt to Ptolemy’s view that the Indian Ocean was an enclosed sea, the southern 
tempi rate zone of Aristotle and Mela had been reached. The sphericity of the earth, the 
■ istence of Antipodes, were no longer scientific theories but demonstrated facts. The 
impression produced on men’s minds by these great events is without parallel, and their 
ii.ducnce can be traced throughout all those great intellectual and moral changes which 
c: ;i i ncterised the transitional period known as the Renaissance. Columbus, Gama, 
Mimellan, America, the route to India, the circumnavigation of the globe; three men 
ml thro, facts opened gloriously a new era of history, of geography, and especially of 
. ainmraphy. By creating new relations, by enlarging the field of research, observa- 
• i 'tudy, these men and these discoveries contributed more than anything else to 
th- m rvellous progress during the last three hundred years in all branches of human 
knowledge and to the rapid development of modern civilisation. (For voyages down to 
the time of Magellan, see Plate VII.) 
D.— PROGRESS 01 OCEANOGRAPHICAL KNOWLEDGE, FROM THE VOYAGE OF 
MAGELLAN TO THE VOYAGES OF COOK. 
While Columbus and Gama had within a few years many imitators in the Atlantic 
■ . In.; m Oceans, fifty-seven years elapsed before Drake accomplished the second 
ein umnuvigation of the globe. Drake was the first to see the extreme promontory of 
>"iith America, later on called Cape Horn. “At length the vessel (of the Admiral) 
f'.und it . If m ar the extremity of the country extending towards the South Pole, which 
• v' . n.' ■ mu or in -t advanced point of all these islands (Tierra del Fuego), is situated 
near the 5C«th degree. Beyond this, towards the south, wc found neither islands nor 
Ki 1, D*-r O. an, p. 35 ; Pigafetta (Premier voyage autour du Monde, p. 52, Paris, l’an ix) says: — “For 
• . ■ i in I tw. ui’ ! iv wc mailed abou* 4000 leagues on that sea which we called the Pacific, because during all 
' : • n v ■ did not experience a single storm, neither did we discover any land, with the exception 
' - r i- oi, n vhi h wc fo id nothing hut Birds and trees, and for this reason we named them the Unfor- 
‘ >’■ II nwibU lo find any bottom a low) their coasts, and saw only a number of sharks. These islands 
\r<- ■> l«vuc* apart, tne first in 16* south latitude, the second in 9*.” 
* P ‘ A i lin to the reckoning we made with the chain astern, we ran each day fifty or sixty 
V \ v P- ! til- World, Hakluyt Society, p. 05 ; Guillemard, Life of Ferdinand Magellan, London, 
Tin • t d' rij tion of the 1 >g, nr loggf f dates from the time of Bourne, 1577 (see Breusing, Zeitschr. 
’ i ii' 111 't Bourne wrote the “ Rules of Navigation.” In the Encyclopaedia Britannica (art. 
• *< v! :'.at il If liiK w a used ip navigation as early as 1570, and alluded to bv Bourne in 1578. 
