SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
49 
been established, colonies had been founded, countries rich in precious metals had been 
conquered, and people rested in the enjoyment of wealth. The time had not yet come 
when civilised and educated nations would thirst for knowledge, and would send their 
vessels to investigate what still remained unknown regarding the sea. The expedition of 
Edmund Halley, in 1699, to improve our knowledge concerning longitude and the varia- 
tion of the compass, was a purely scientific voyage ; still scientific voyages were really 
initiated at the time of James Cook, in the latter half of the eighteenth century. 
In the foregoing short account the important additions made to the knowledge of the 
distribution of land and water during the period under consideration have been indicated. 
Let us now turn to some other aspects of the science of Oceanography. After 
Magellan’s voyage of circumnavigation the nomenclature of the sea assumed a modem Nomenclature 
character, Sebastian Munster, in the first general map in his Cosmography, 1 intro- 1 HE ° CEANS - 
duces the following denominations : — Mare Pacificum, Mare Indicum, Mare Sept 07}/^ Munster. 
trionale applied to the Arctic Ocean, Oceanus Occidentalis applied to the basin of the 
Atlantic north of the equator, and Mare Aethiopicum to the southern part of the 
Atlantic. Gerard Mercator, in his famous universal map, replaces the Oceanus 
Occidentalis of Munster’s maps by Oceanus Atlanticus, corresponding to the North 
Atlantic, the southern part of the Atlantic is called Oceanus Aethiopicus, and at the 
western opening of the Strait of Magellan we read El Mar Pacifica} 
According to Krummel, 3 in the second half of the sixteenth century and beginning of 
the seventeenth, the term Atlantic was applied: — (1) to the sea lying to the west of 
Morocco (Munster) ; (2) to the sea to the south-west of Liberia (Munster later) ; (3) 
to the north-west portion of that ocean (Michael Mercator) ; (4) to the whole of the 
North Atlantic (Gerard Mercator) ; (5) to the whole Atlantic (Varenius) ; and (6) to the 
Universal Ocean (Ortelius). 
Varenius was the first to undertake a critical examination of this nomenclature, and Varenius. 
he arranged it as follows : 4 — (1) The Atlantic Ocean, often called Mare del Nort; this 
is the sea enclosed between the western coasts of the Old World and the eastern coasts 
of the New. He divides the Atlantic into two parts, one north and one south of the 
equator ; in the north this ocean joins the Hyperborean Sea, and in the south the 
Austral Ocean. (2) The Pacific Ocean {Mare Pacificum ), often given the name of 
Mare del Zur ; it is situated between America and Asia, and extends its immense 
1 Munster, Cosmographia Universalis, Basel, 1544. 
2 This Spanish nomenclature, as observed by Krummel (Versuch einer vergleichenden Morphologie der 
Meeresraume, Leipzig, 1879, p. 3), often used at that period, did not simplify matters. Thus we find a ILr 
del Nort, sometimes applied to the North Atlantic and sometimes to the whole Atlantic ; a Mar di India, or even a 
Mar del Zur, standing for the Pacific. Traces of this singular nomenclature still exist in tbe names of two parts of tie 
Nicaragua Republic, San Juan del Norte (or Greytowr), being situated twenty miles south of San Juan del Sir . 
3 Krummel, op. cii., p. 6. 
4 Varenius, Geographia generalis in qua affectiones generales telluris explicantur, p. 82, Cambridge, 1 ; 72. 
(summary of results chall. exp. — 1894.) 7 
