70 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Votaobs 
S ciUtgilNT TD 
Cook 
of the present day. and the same, may be said of the general superficial outlines of the 
other oceans. 
Among the more important marine Expeditions which added to our knowledge of the 
ocean between the time of Cook and the Challenger Expedition may be mentioned 1 — 
Th-' " Boussole ” (French), La Perouse(1785-l788) ; the “ Recherche” and “ L’Esperance ” 
(French), D’Entrecasteaux, in search of La Perouse (1791-1793); the “Neva” (Russian), 
Captain Krusenstcrn accompanied by Horner and Kotzebue (1803-1806); the “Rurik” 
(Russian), Captain Kotzebue accompanied by Chamisso (1815-1818); the “ Coquille ” 
(French), Captain Puperrey (1822); the “Jane” and “Beaufoy” (British), Captain 
Wrddell (1822 1824); the “ Predprijatje ” (Russian), Captain Kotzebue accompanied 
by Lcnz and Eschscholz (1823-1826) ; the “ Blossom ” (British), Captain Beechcy (1825- 
1828) ; the “ Ssenjavin ” (Russian), Captain Liitke accompanied by Erman (1826-1828) ; 
the polar voyages of Parry, John Ross, and Scorcsby (British, 1806-1827) ; the “Astrolabe” 
(French), Captain Dumont d’Urville (1826-1829); the “Adventure” and “Beagle” 
(British), Captain Fitzroy accompanied by Darwin (1831-1836) ; the “ Princess Louise ” 
(German), Captain Wendt accompanied by Mcyen (1830-1832) ; the “Bonite” (French), 
Captain Vaillant (1836); the “Venus” (French), Captain Dupetit-Thouars ( 1836— 
1839); the “ Astrolabe” (French), Captain Dumont d’Urville, and the “Zel^e,” Captain 
Ju<|uinot (1837-1840); the “Porpoise” (American), Captain Wilkes accompanied by 
Dana (1839 1842); the “Erebus” and “Terror” (British), Captain Sir James Clark Ross 
accompanied by Hooker (1839-1843); the “Sulphur” and “Samarang” (British), 
Captain Belcher (1837-1846) ; the “Herald” (British), Captain Kellet (1845-1851) ; the 
“Rattlesnake” (British), Captain Stanley and Lieutenant Dayman accompanied by 
H ii \ ley (1846-1850) ; the “ Novara” (Austrian), Admiral von Wiillerstorf-Urbair (1857- 
1860); the “ Bull-dog ” (British), Captain M‘Clintock accompanied by Wallich (1860). 
(For s : i sequent Expeditions see page 101 et seq., and for tracks of voyages, see Plates 
VIII. and IX.) 
Cook left little to be done by his successors in regard to the discovery of new lands, 
but ir the records of the splendid set of sea-voyages above enumerated, there arc 
iiwxhau-tible materials dealing with the science of the earth and of man. Investigators 
gradually directed their attention to the physical and biological conditions of the sea, and 
to tV study of the causes of oceanic phenomena, so that all these voyages added much 
to our knowledge of terrestrial physics, hydrography, zoology, and botany. We shall 
now end vour to indicate the views held by navigators and scientific men on these 
subject?, from the time of Cook down to the Challenger Expedition. 
Buff m m hi Ilistoire Naturelle 2 distinguishes oceans, mediterraneans, and gulfs. 
< nr* tho c seas surrounding continents, which occasionally penetrate into the land 
* r • n. >re complete enumeration of the scientific cruises in the oceans and various seas, the reader is referred to 
I >lAw»ki, Handbuch der Orcanographic, Bd. i. pp. 390-400, Stuttgart 1884. 
I’utTun, !Ii«toire naturelle, gdi/rale et particulifcre, tom. ii. p. 101, Paris 1769. 
