SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
89 
In 1856 Professor J. W. Bailey made known the nature of the soundings collected by Bailey on Dkep- 
Brooke in the Sea of Kamchatka in depths of 900 to 2700 fathoms. 1 He remarks that in Ska 1)1 POfi[TS 
all the samples mineral matters diminished with increase of depth, and that while the 
mineral particles decreased the organic remains increased. Of organic remains Diatoms 
predominated, Sponge spicules and Radiolarians being also present, while the calcareous 
tests of Foraminifera w T ere absent. These deposits of microscopic organisms, in their rich- 
ness, extent, and high latitude, resemble the siliceous deposits of the Antarctic already 
noticed by Hooker. Bailey’s researches proved that localised deposits were formed in the 
high seas, in which not calcareous, but siliceous, remains predominated. The excellent state 
of preservation of these siliceous organisms, and the fact that many of them still retained 
the soft parts, led him to conclude tha.t they must have been living up to a very recent 
period, not necessarily at the great depths where they were found, but probably drifted 
from shallower deposits. He always maintained this opinion, convinced of its 
importance from a zoological point of view. He extolled the good example set by Brooke, 
saying that “ soundings from any part of the ocean are sure to yield something of interest 
to microscopic analysis, and it is at, yet impossible to tell what important results may 
flow from this study.” 
About the same time Bailey published his work on the origin of greensand and Greensand 
its formation on the bottom of modern seas. 2 Ehrenberg had long before observed a • Dfc ' p ' , ' !TS - 
pseudomorphism of the calcareous shells of Foraminifera in the Chalk into silica. As 
early as 1845 Bailey had called attention to the casts of Foraminifera in the Eocene marls Bailey. 
of Fort Washington. 3 Dr. G. A. Mantell 4 stated in 1846 that casts of Foraminifera and 
their soft parts were preserved in flint and limestone, and that the chambers of the 
Foraminifera were often filled with calcite, silica, or silicate of iron. But Ehrenberg was Ehrenberg. 
the first to show the connection between greensand and the Foraminifera, and to throw 
light on a point which had long puzzled geologists. In 1855 he said that, judging from 
all the examples he had examined up to that time, greensand must be considered as due 
to the filling up of organic cells of Foraminifera, like a lithoid mould/ 1 Bailey verified 
Ehrenberg’s results from the examination of a number of Cretaceous and Tertiary rocks 
of North America. 
L. F. de Pourtales in 1853 6 announced that he had obtained from a depth of 150 Pourtales. 
fathoms, in lat. 31° N., long. 79° W., a deposit formed of almost equal parts of Globi- 
gerinae and black sand, probably greensand. Bache showed these, and similar samples 
taken in the region of the Gulf Stream, to Bailey, who found in them casts of organisms, 
some of which were “ well-defined greensand, others reddish, brownish, or almost 
1 Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 2, vol. xxi. pp. 284-285, 185G. 
* Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, vol. xlviii. p. 341, 1845. 
6 Monatsb. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855, p. 172. 
(summary of results chall. exp. — 1894.) 
2 Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. v. pp. 364-368, 1856. 
4 Phil. Trans., p. 466, 1846. 
6 Rlport U.S. Coast Survey for 1853, App. p. 83. 
12 
