SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
97 
drawn up from a known depth furnished conclusive proof on this question, and some 
of them, like the Corals and Bryozoa, must have become attached to the cable as germs. 
It is to be noted, however, that although the pressure is the same, the temperature in 
the deep water of the Mediterranean is much higher than at corresponding depths 
in the open ocean, and this fact might have some influence on the bathymetrical range of 
species. 
During Otto Torell’s expedition to Spitzbergen in 1864, a great number of animals Otto Torell’s 
were taken at a depth of 1000 to 1400 fathoms. They included Rhizopoda, Bryozoa, 
Sponges, Annelids, Crustacea, and other forms. In subsequent expeditions to Spitz- 
bergen, organisms were frequently secured from similar depths . 1 
In 1864 M. Barboza du Bocage, director of the Natural History Museum of Lisbon, Bocage’s Obser- 
announced the occurrence on the coasts of Portugal of tufts of siliceous spicules similar pP I0NS AN T 
^ 4. Wright s Dredg- 
to those of the Hyalonema of Japan/ which were taken by the shark-fishers of Setubal ings off Set bar. 
at a depth of 500 fathoms. Towards the end of 1868 Professor Perceval Wright 
proceeded to Portugal to investigate the question and procure specimens in a fresh con- 
dition. With a crew of eight men and an open boat he dredged at a depth of 480 
fathoms for about the space of a mile, the dredge being filled with sticky yellowish ooze, 
in which glittered innumerable long spicules of Hyalonema , including some, perfect 
specimens. 3 “ This dredging,” says Wyville Thomson, “ is of special interest, for it shows 
that although difficult and laborious, and attended with a certain amount of risk, it is not 
impossible in an open boat, and with a crew of alien fishermen, to test the nature of the 
bottom, and the character of the fauna, even to the great depth of 500 fathoms.” 4 
The considerable part taken by the United States Coast Survey in oceanographical 
researches has already been referred to. In 1867, the Superintendent, Professor B. 
Pierce, acting on the advice of Professor L. Agassiz, issued instructions that dredgings 
as well as soundings should be carried on off the Florida coasts under the direction of 
Count Pourtales. Ordinary sounding leads with tallow were first used, but were afterwards 
replaced by Stellwagen’s and Sands’ sounding leads. Stellwagen’s sounding cup is a conical 
iron cup screwed to the sounding lead, with a leather lid which firmly closes the cup when 
the apparatus is drawn up ; Sands’ sounding lead has a side opening with a spring door, 
which is forced open when the apparatus sinks into the deposit, and closes when drawn Pourtales on 
up. These machines were superior to the original form of Brooke’s apparatus, as they ^lTn-tv 
brought up much larger samples of the deposit. Pourtales states that in 1870 the nuni- Coast of 
North America 
ber of samples of deposits collected by the Coast Survey amounted to 9000. 5 After the " 
1 Zeitschr.f. wiss.Zool. , Bd. xx. p. 457, 1870. 2 Proc. Zool. Soc., 1864, p. 265. 
! Notes on deep-sea diedging, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. ii. p. 423, 1868. 
4 Wyville Thomson, op. cit., p. 277. 
5 See L. F. de Pourtal&s, Der Boden des Golfstroms und der Atlantischen Kuste Nord-Amerika?, Petermann’s Geogr. 
Mittheil ,, 1870, p. 393. 
(summary of results chall, exp.— - 1894 .) 
13 
