106 a 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Grrjiam Exrxui- 
tioml 
“ Oaki i.e." 
DraCHK.” 
German Polar 
Expeditions*. 
*' National ” o»» 
Plankton Expe- 
dition UNDER 
Hessen. 
Norwegian 
North Atlantic 
Expedition. 
" VOrjnokn." 
Gulf Stream by the officers of the United States Coast Survey, have all added much 
to our knowledge of the physics and biology of the ocean. 1 
Thf German War Ship “Gazelle,” under the command of Baron von Schleinitz, 
■ ircumnavigated the world at the same time as the Challenger, and was accompanied by 
Studer and Borgen, to whom, as well as to other investigators, we are indebted for an 
n count of the observations made during the cruise on currents, deep-sea temperatures, 
pelagic organisms, deep-sea deposits, and coral islands. 2 
Ii the years 1881, 1882, and 1884, the ship “ Draclie ” carried on investigations in 
tin North Sea, the physical, chemical, and biological results being made known through 
reports by Jacobsen, Gumbel, Mobius, and others. 3 
The International Polar Expeditions between 1882 and 1883, especially the German 
Tolar Expedition to South Georgia, yielded important meteorological and biological results 
bearing more or less directly on the science of Oceanography. 4 
In the year 1889 the “National” or Plankton Expedition spent from July to 
November in the North Atlantic, chiefly engaged in the study of the surface fauna and 
flora after new methods suggested and carried out by Professor Hensen, 5 — an extension, 
in fac t, of the important marine work carried on for many years by the Kiel Commission. 
Thio expedition was accompanied by a scientific staff consisting of Krummel, Brandt, 
Dahl, Fischer, Sehtitt, and Eschke. The collections have been placed in the hands of a 
large number uf specialists, and the detailed results are now in course of publication. 
During the summers of 1876, 1877, and 1878, the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedi- 
dition, in the “ Voringen,” was despatched for the scientific investigation of the region 
lying between Norway and Greenland, under the direction of Professors Mohn, G. 0. Sars, 
,-nd other Norwegian experts. In the first cruise, from June 1 till August 26, 1876, 
98 soundings were taken, the greatest depth being 1861 fathoms ; in the second cruise, 
extending from June 11 till August 23, 1877, 160 soundings, 27 dredgings, 9 trawlings, 
and 37 serial icmperature observations were taken, the greatest depth being 2005 fathoms; 
in die third cruise, extending from June 15 till September 4, 1878, 117 soundings, 15 
dredgings, 2 1 trawlings, and 57 serial temperature observations were taken, the greatest 
S ec R ■ ; * rt« uf the II. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey ; J. E. Pillsbury, The Gulf Stream and its Investigation, 
Rep. U.S. Coast Survey for 1890. 
* Die Forochongsreue S.M.S. “Gazelle,” Berlin, 1889. 
1 Sec Die Krgebnimc der Untersucbungsfahrten S. M. Knbt. “Drache” in der Nordsee, Berlin, 1886. 
■ i International IVdarfor'chung 1882 1883, Die Beobachtungs-Ergebnisse der Deutschen Stationen, Sud- 
(> . 1»! ii., !■ rlin, 1 "ii ; Die Deutschen Expeditiunen und ilire Ergebnisse, Bd. i. and ii., Berlin, 1890 and 1892. 
- 1 1 ) - • In i r I 'lain ton- Expedition ; I’t. i. 0. Kruimnel, Reisebeschreibung der Plankton -Expedition, Kiel, 
I - >2, f • iLo V. Heni > n, Leber die Bestimmung den Planktons oder des im Meere treibenden Materials an Pflanzen 
I :. F .after l .erirbt d. Komin. zur Wiss. Untera. d.deutachen Meere, in Kiel, fur die Jabre 1882-1886, Berlin, 
1 - 7 ; Knintre), Die Plankton-Expedition im Sommer 1889, Verhandl. d. Gesellsch. f. Erdk. zu Berlin, Dezember 
,h c '> ; V Ii- u, EinL" Ergel nisae der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt Stiftung, Sitzb. d. k. yrcuss. Akad. d. 
U'w ru Beriin, PLy*.-Math. Cl., IM. xiv. pp. 243-2. r >3, 189t) ; see also E. Haeckel, Tlankton-Studien, Jena, 1890. 
