SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
106b 
depth being 1985 fathoms. The expedition visited the Vestmanna Islands, Iceland, 
Jan Mayen, Bear Island, Spitsbergen, the Faroe Islands, and reached a latitude of 
80° N. Important observations were made bearing on meteorology, temperature, 
currents, chemistry, marine zoology, and the contour of the sea-bed, and the reports on 
the scientific results are published in both Norwegian and English in parallel columns 
with numerous illustrations in the form of lithographic plates, maps, and woodcuts. 1 
In the summers of 1881 to 1883 the Italian Government despatched the “Washing- Italian Expkui 
ton,” under Captain Magnaghi, to investigate by means of dredgings and temperature 
’ . * 6 ’ . . . -I, .. 6 , i , “Washington.” 
observations a portion of the western basin of the Mediterranean ; some valuable tempera- 
ture results were obtained, and Professor Giglioli recorded the capture, in depths of from 
300 to 1000 fathoms, of Crustaceans, Fishes, Brachiopods and Starfishes, closely allied to 
those obtained by the Challenger and other expeditions at similar depths in the open 
ocean. 2 The results were considered important, as bearing on the previous observations 
of Forbes and Carpenter. In the years 1882 to 1885 the “ Yettor Pisani ” circum- “Vettor Pisani.” 
navigated the globe, with Chierchia. on board, who made interesting and extensive 
collections of the pelagic fauna and flora, which have created much interest among 
zoologists. 3 
During the years 1880 to 1883 important series of deep-sea investigations were French Ex pedi- 
carried on by the French Government in the ships “ Travailleur ” and “Talisman ” in the Tl0:sfe ' 
J 1 “Travailleur.’ 
Bay of Biscay and the eastern parts of the Atlantic as far south as the Cape Verde „ Ta „ 
Islands. These explorations were carried out under the direction of a scientific commis- 
sion, of which Professor H. Milne-Edwards was president, the other members being the 
Marquis de Folin, Professors A. Milne-Edwards, Vaillant, Marion, Perrier and Fischer. 
Dr Gwyn Jeffrej'S and the Rev, A. M. Norman took part in one of the excursions. The 
important zoological and other results of these expeditions are now in course of publication 
in a valuable series of memoirs prepared under the able direction of Professor Alphonse 
Milne-Edwards, and issued under the auspices of the French Government . 4 * 
Since the year 1885 Prince Albert the First, of Monaco, has carried out a series of Prince of 
most interesting observations on the currents of the North Atlantic by means of floats TI °^ C0 
sent off from his yacht the “ Hirondelle ” at various positions and at stated times. The “Hirondelle.” 
results of these experiments have been published on an elaborate chart. By means of 
ingeniously arranged traps let down into comparatively deep water, the Prince has made 
important zoological discoveries. These marine investigations are now being continued 
in a new steam yacht, the “ Princesse Alice,” which is probably the first ship especially 
1 Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition, Christiania, 1880-1891. 
* Enrico H. Giglioli, Prima Campagna Talassographica del R. Piroscafo “Washington,” Roma, 1881. 
* See G. Chierchia, Collezioni per studi di scienze naturali fatte nel viaggio intorno al mondo dalla R Corvett 
“ Vettor Pisani,” Roma, 1885. 
4 See Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman pendant les Annees 1880, 1881, 1882, 1883, Pari? 
1891, &c. 
