106c 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
" Princssse 
Auce ” 
Bvwiah Obseu 
TATIOXS IS THE 
Black Sea and 
1‘acihc Ocean. 
** VlTIAE. 
Austrian Exi kdi 
TION8 IN i HE 
MEttITRHKASBAN, 
M PoLA.” 
British Expedi- 
tions and EXPLOR- 
ATIONS. 
" K SIGHT 
Errant ” and 
“Triton.” 
" Karria. ** 
" Hambler.” 
" I'ENOUIN.” 
** Investigator.” 
built arul equipped for deep-sea exploration. The zoological investigations are under the 
direction of Baron Jules de Guerne, and under his able editorship the results arc being 
published at Monaco in an excellent style, with splendid illustrations. 1 
The Ru sian explorations in the Black Sea in the years 1890 and 1891 have shown 
i ■ i ; 1 1 the deeper waters of the basin are devoid of life, and the chemical composition of 
tta dt p >sits and of the water of the deeper layers reveals an enormous accumulation of 
sulphuretted hydrogen and sulphides arising apparently from the deoxidation of sea- 
water salts by organic matter on the floor of that basin. 2 
The researches of Admiral Makaroff on board the ship “ Vitiaz ” in the North Pacific, 
with reference to the temperature and specific gravity of the sea, form an important and 
valuable contribution to this department of oceanology. 3 
The “ Pole expeditions in the eastern basin of the Mediterranean during the summers 
of 1890 to 1893, under the auspices of the Austrian Government, have already yielded 
much new information, and the results that have been published are of great interest, 
including the chemical investigations of Dr. Natterer regarding the deep-water deposits. 4 
In 1880 and again iu 1882, Tizard and Murray re-explored the Faroe Channel in 
the “ Knig'it Errant” 5 and “Triton,” and discovered the Wyville-Thomson Ridge 
-opirating the areas with different temperatures and faunae, the distribution of which 
was such a puzzle in the earlier expeditions of the “ Lightning ” and “ Porcupine.” Large 
zoological collections were made on either side of the ridge, and many of the species 
have been described in the Challenger Reports. A number of Her Majesty’s ships, under 
the direction of the Hydrographic Office, have in recent years made a very large number 
• >f important observations, especially in sounding the ocean and in taking deep-sea 
temperatures, such as the “ Egeria ” in the Indian and Pacific Oceans in 1887-89 ; the 
“ Rambler’ in the same oceans in 1888-90. The reports of Dr. Bassett Smith on his 
dredgings on the Macclesfield Bank, in H.M.SS. “Rambler,” “Penguin,” and “Egeria,” have 
for the first time given an excellent idea of the biological and physical conditions prevailing 
on a submerged coral atoll. The “ Investigator ” in the Indian Ocean has likewise, 
under the direction of the Indian Government, conducted many important sounding, 
■ Sc- R. Mil tat- de« 1 '.unpagnw- Scientifiqucs accomplies ear son Yacht par Albert I cr Prince Souverain de Monaco 
; . i ’ ; in- ti in, avi • le con corn du Baron Jules de Guenie, Imprimerie de Monaco, Fascicules I. to VII. ; also 
Krenl papers by Prince Albert in the Compte « Rcndus. 
■ Aii'li i— ow, Preliminary .iccount of deep-sea soundings in the Black Sea, St. Petersburg, 1890; Woeikow, Die 
Tu-fo. h ’Khnngcn im Schwarzen Meere im Jahre 1890, Petcrmnnn’s Mitt^ilungen, Bd. xxxvii. p. 33, 1891. 
Makar- iff, I a- “Vitiiu ’ ct l’Oc<$an Pocifique : Observations liydrologiques faites par les ofliciers de la corvette 
\ .ia. ' )•• if lint un ■ i.'e .a u tour dn monde, execute de 1886 It 1889, et rccucil des observations sur la temperature 
*-t le pool* -|k ifique de I’eau de l’Ocean Pocifique Nord, St. Petersburg, 1894. 
» He.- B.-rif hte der Commission fur Erfor. chung des ostlicben Mittelmceres, in Denkschr. d. math.-naturw. 01. d. k. 
A bid d. f Vim. IPien, Bd. lix.-lxL, 1892 4. 
• BeeTirardand Murray, Exploration of the Faroe Channel, during the summer of 1880, in H.M. hired ship 
Km/iit Er int, Proc Hoy. Sor. Edirt ., vol. xi. pp. 638-677, 1882 ; Deep Sea Exploration in Faroe Channel, by H.M.S. 
Tnt< 1- 2, c mmandod by Staff-Commamler T. H. Tizard (Admiralty Blue-Book). 
