THK VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
20 
Found in 1000 Ginns, of Water. 
Liiuc, 
Magnesia, 
I'otash, . 
Total sulphates, 
Sodium sulphate (Xa 4 S0 4 ), 
Soda, 
0 655 = 1-591 of CaS0 4 = 0-01170 x [CaO] grnis. 
2156 = 6-168 MgS0 4 = 0-05390 x [MgO] „ 
0-458 = 0-848 K 2 S0 4 = 0-00487 x [K 2 0] „ 
Total 8-9U7 
. 41-634 
. 32-728* 
14-289= 0-23050 x [Na 2 0] „ 
Total 0-30097 x [K"0] = b x [R"0] 
Sulphuric acid, 
Chlorine, 
2-228 0-0279 x [SO./] 
19-201 0-2707 x[Cl 2 ] 
Total 0-2986 x X" = a x [S0 4 or Cl 2 ] 
Alkalinity =b — o =0*0024, corresponding to 0‘0024 x [CaC0 3 ] grms. = 0*24 grm. of 
mate of lime, we should say, if we had a right to assume that all the excess of base 
f.und is carbonate of lime, which, of course, we have not. 
Tii' oxvgen equivalent of the chlorine found is .[9-L x 19 - 201 = 4'32G; deducting this 
tin- sum of acids and bases, we have, for the “ total salts ” 34‘GGl grms. (per kilo, 
of seawater). Atomic weights used: Cl= 35*46, Na= 23, K = 39,+ Ca=40, Mg=24, 
S = 32 (standard : 0= 16). 
My tir-t -■ t of (21) soa-watcr analyses, which were reported in August 1879, all gave 
: dtivc value for the “alkalinity” b — a. Taking 0'00001 = 1, and excluding one 
ptionally high result ( = 0 00011), 1 found for b — a, 
Maximum value, 
Minimum value, 
± 259 — (/; — o)] = 0 to 40, 
occurred 8, 
1,5 \ mean of the 20 values = 259. 
103 ) 
41 to 80, 81 to 120, 121 to 194, 
3, 2, 7 times. 
1 t -ok c m at the time not to draw any far-reaching conclusions from these results. 
I d< • med it quite j»<». oh 1 that the positive values found for all the values b — a 
_• t I-- owing t" some constant error in one or other of my analytical methods; and I 
• : 'p tried hard to obtain direct evidence of the existence of carbonates ( i.e ., bases, 
t -n -dpliate- or chlorides) in the waters. These experiments fill a good many 
m my Laboratory Journal ; but as, subsequently, the problem was solved in an 
■■ lly imjT manner by the chemists of the Norwegian North Atlantic 
i. . :.* >n (v.’ir. method I found perfectly valid), 1 satisfy myself with briefly 
indirating the prim-iples of my methods. 
• Tb* rakuUn.n* originally were carried to four decimal-place*. 
• ' • ' i i» h/t' u»‘ <l jn<cul of SIa-’k numUr 39*13, which was adopted in weighing out KC1 
a* i t tud i ri (of the chlorioe (rut* tupra). 
