SUMMARY OF RESULTS. 
1445 
Southern Ocean has also yielded Promachocrinus, the unique Thaumatocrinus, and at 2600 fathoms a minute 
Antedon, which was also found at 2900 fathoms in the North Pacific. . . . The Magellan and Heard Island 
species [of Antedoii\ from the furthest south are the Antarctic representatives of Antedon esuhrichti and 
Anfedon quadrata, which are widely distributed in the Arctic Ocean.” ^ 
Allman states : “ It is a fact not destitute of interest that no less than three . . . British species, Obelia 
yeniculata, Lafoea fruticosa, and Sertularia polyzonias^ have been brought by the Challenger from the 
Fuegian region, and thus indicate a similarity of conditions between the northern and southern regions whicli 
shows itself in the appearance of the same species in both. . . . Perisiphonia filicula [obtained in 
the Australian region at a depth of 150 fathoms] was also found in the Azoric region at a depth of 450 
fathoms, and thus affords an instance of the same species occurring in two regions so widely separated as 
the Azores and Australia, without any intermediate station offering an example of it. Grammaria, HYuiiOinA of thk 
already known as a northern form, is represented in the Challenger collection by three new species, all Northern anh 
from a comparatively narrow zone of southern latitude, Grammaria insignis from Marion Island, Grammaria Southern 
Sl^H EliEiS 
atentor from Kerguelen, and Grammaria magedlanica from the Fuegian region. All the three species thus ‘ 
occur at moderate depths, and their distribution is interesting as affording an example of stations, for the 
most part widely separated in longitude, and yet lying within a few degrees of the same parallel of latitude. 
. . . Sertularia operculata, an abundant and characteristic species of the British Laminarian zone, is shown 
to have a singularly wide area of distribution, having been brought up by the dredge of the Challenger 
from a depth of 45 fathoms off the western coast of Patagonia. . . . Obelia geniculata is one of the few 
British Hydroids obtained by the Challenger. In the British and European seas it is one of the commonest 
and most widely distributed species, while it has also been obtained on the eastern and western shores of the 
United States, and on the coast of Labrador, as well as in the seas round the North Cape. The Challenger 
dredged it from two localities, one in the region of Kerguelen Island, and the other in that of the Falkland 
Islands. Both therefore in nearly the same southern latitudes, though separated by about 130° of longitude. 
The distance between these extreme southern localities and the Arctic Ocean, in which it has been found by Sars, 
affords one of the most striking examples known of the wide geographical distribution of a single species.” ^ 
Wright and Studbr write : “The species of this genus \_Alcyonium\ as now restricted, are inhabitants of 
the temperate portions of all the three oceans. The species of this genus \^Lobularia\ which is closely related 
to the last, seem to occupy the trojiical portions of the three oceans, therein taking the place of the others.” ^ 
SoLLAS writes : “ The Theneid [from the South Australian province ] — Tlxenea grayi — is not a very distinct 
form, since it much resembles Thenea muricata of the Arctic province. . . . The Indo -Antarctic fauna is 
possibly the remnant of one once associated with that of an Antarctic continent, now preserved in isolation 
by its remoteness from all other areas.” ^ 
The resemblances between the littoral faunas and floras of the Arctic and Antarctic 
regions have been incidentally pointed out by other authors of the Challenger 
Memoirs, and by many other naturalists. From the statements in the above extracts 
it will be seen that there have been many speculations as to the^ causes by which these 
resemblances have been brought about. The relations of the Arctic and Antarctic 
littoral faunas has also been recently discussed with reference to the zoological collec- Comparison of 
tions brought home by the German Expedition from South Georgia.® In this place it h^,gh*Nort^^^^ 
is proposed to examine the distribution of the animals captured by the Challenger and High South- 
in three great zones of latitude, viz., those taken within the tropics, those taken 
^ Zool. Oliall. Exp., pt. lx. pp. 30, 33. - Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. Ixx. pp. Ivi., Iviii., 23. 
® Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. Ixiv. p. 295. ■* Zool. Chall. Exp., pt. Ixiii. pp. 389, 391. 
® Die niedere Thierweltdes Antarktischen Ufergebietes, von Dr. Georg Pfeffer, Die International Polarforschung, 1882-1883, 
Die Deutschen Expeditioiien und ihre Ergebnisse, Bd. ii., p. 455; Pl'efl'er, Versuch liber die erdgeschichtliche Entwickelniig, 
Hamburg, 1891. 
(summary of results chall. exp. — 1894.) 
182 
