Yorkshire Naturalists in Bishopdale. 
387 
and in the sheltered hollows frequented by sheep, the resulting lair flora 
included Alchemilla vulgaris, Erophila verna, Arenaria serpy lli folia, 
Cerastium glomeratum, Prunella vulgaris, XJrtica dioica, Veronica arvensis, 
V. Chamaedrys, Ranunculus repens, Sagina procumbens, Cnicus lanceolatus 
and Beilis perennis. Descending into Waldendale is a good example of a 
pasture of / uncus squarrosus with a quite subordinate admixture of heath 
plants, e.g., bilberry, crowberry, waved hair grass, and also scented vernal 
grass. Similar pastures were seen in Bishopdale, with a considerable 
amount of Holcus lanatus and J uncus articulatus . 
Two typical gills of the dale are Back Gill and Foss Gill. Both are 
narrow and cut deeply into the fell side, the lower parts are strewn with 
glacial debris which masks the beds below. Higher up, the stream falls 
in cascades over the harder calcareous beds, and these changes are reflected 
in the ground flora. Both gills are planted with the trees already men- 
tioned, and on the scar top, at the head of Back Gill, is a plantation of 
elm and sycamore. At the head of this stream are a few scattered 
specimens of ash and elm, with mountain ash, alder, hawthorn and 
hazel, probably relics of the native flora. The more interesting species 
in Back Gill are Geranium pratense, G. sylvaticum, Actaea spicata, Paris 
quadrifolia and a good variety of ferns ; oak, beech, male, lady, shield, 
hay -scented and common polypody ; the bracken was infrequent. 
Foss Gill, similarly planted, contains also the peduncled oak and 
much larch, spruce and pine. On a limestone outcrop on the side of the 
gill were seen the carline thistle, thyme, purging flax, eyebright, lady’s 
mantle, wood sorrel, bird’s foot trefoil, mouse -ear hawkweed, ribwort 
and red clover, along with ling, waved hair grass, mat grass, tormentil 
and bracken. 
Vertebrate Zoology (W. G. Bramley). — The complete absence of 
ploughed land is no doubt accountable for the general absence of the 
grain-feeding birds, the Chaffinch being the outstanding exception. 
Thrushes, with the exception of the Ring Ousel, were very sparsely 
distributed, the latter being common at the head of the dales. Willow 
Warblers and Wood Warblers were abundant in the more wooded parts, 
but rain stopped a full invest igation of the woods. The Grey Wagtail 
was in fair numbers ; Swallows and House Martins numerous about the 
villages, Rooks and Jackdaws doubtless render useful service in destroying 
leather j ackets, ’ which are said to be very abundant in the meadows. 
A nest of the Sparrowhawk, probably containing young, was seen, and 
many bones, chiefly of birds, were found under the nest. Ringdoves 
were numerous, and one wonders what is the nature of their food in a 
purely pastural country. Between Aysgarth and Redmire a few Red- 
shanks were seen, and Curlews were plentiful on the fells. Stonechat, 
Goldcrest and Dipper were also observed. 
A Stoat was found dead on Wassett Fell at a height of 1650 feet, 
and Weasels are very common on the moors. The Common Lizard was 
seen. The fishes of Bishopdale Beck are mainly Trout, with some 
Grayling which have been introduced. 
Mollusca (Greevz Fysher). — The moist condition of the district, 
which was greatly accentuated towards the close of the Meeting, was 
favourable for the observation of Mollusca. The following species 
and varieties were collected, and have been determined by Mr. John W. 
Taylor : — 
Hyalinia lucida. 
H . cellaria. 
H . alliaria. 
H . nitidula. 
Helix nemoralis v. libellula. 
H. hortensis v. lutea and v. 
bescens. 
al- 
Helicigona arbustorum v. trochoi- 
dalis ; v. cincta ; v. fus- 
cescens ; and v. flavescens . 
H . lapicida v. nigrescens . 
Ancylus fluviatilis . 
Clausilia bidentata. 
C. cravenensis. 
1922 Dec. 1 
