512 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
on the surface, and at a similar depth and latitude in the Atlantic they were usually present 
in considerable numbers. The Foraminifera shells were in some instances quite white, 
or with a rosy tinge as if lately fallen from the surface, but the great majority were 
brown coloured, and in some instances black, from a deposit of oxide of manganese on 
their surface. When one of these dark coloured shells from 1450 fathoms is broken, 
three zones can be distinguished : at the centre an internal cast of the shell, then the 
white carbonate of lime shell itself, and outside this an external cast of the same nature 
and aspect as the internal one, to which it is connected by little red pillars which fill 
up the foramina of the shell. These casts do not appear to be formed by a simple 
filling of the shell, but to be due to a chemical combination. There were in these deposits 
none of the smooth pale yellow and green casts so abundant in the green muds along 
continental shores. If the brown casts be treated with warm hydrochloric acid and the 
iron thus extracted, a number of colourless globules are obtained, which have resisted 
the action of the acid. It has been found that these casts consist of a hydrated 
silicate containing alumina, lime, magnesia, and alkalies. The mean diameter of the 
minerals in these deposits— felspars, black mica, augite, hornblende, and magnetite — rarely 
exceeded 0'05 mm. The great bulk of the residue, however, after removal of the lime, 
consisted of pumice stone in a fine state of division, with argillaceous matter. Radiolarians 
and Diatoms made up about 2 per cent, of the whole deposit. 
The trawling at 1350 fathoms gave a few deep-sea animals, many rounded fragments 
of pumice covered with oxide of manganese, and the branch of a tree several feet in 
length which was carbonised in some places. 
There were many very productive hauls with the surface nets between the Fiji Islands 
and the New Hebrides, Pteropods, Heteropods, and pelagic Foraminifera being specially 
abundant. With the exception of a very large cylindrical species of Etmodiscus, 
Diatoms were very rare both on the surface and at the bottom. It was observed that the 
larger Foraminifera, such as Sphceroiclina dehiscent, Pulvimdina menardii, and thick 
shelled Orbidince, were procured in greatest abundance when the tow-net was dragged at 
a depth of 80 or 100 fathoms. 
On one occasion the otter trawl was towed for some time from the lower boom, a 
short distance beneath the surface. It was not so successful in catching fish as was 
hoped ; it contained, however, large masses and strings of jelly, which on examination 
turned out to be the eggs of a Cephalopod. 
Flying Fish ( Exocetus ) were especially abundant during this trip, and at night 
frequently dashed on board ship near the exposed lights. 
Holoibates . — Specimens of this insect, of which very many were collected during the 
cruise, were especially abundant on the surface between the Fijis and the New Hebrides. 
This group of Hemiptera is interesting as containing (along with the ollied genus 
