NARRATIVE OF THE CRUISE. 
843 
their heads to the southward and in the winter months with their heads to the 
northward. A steam tug is always ready to tow them into their proper berths and lay 
out their anchors for them, weighing them again when they are ready to proceed to sea. 
On all ships calling here a hospital charge of ten cents per ton is levied, and should 
they remain to receive or discharge cargo a charge of ten cents per ton is levied as light 
dues. 
Fort San Antonio, the observing station of Fitzroy, no longer exists, and as a road 
runs over its former site, observations could not be taken there, so the observations 
were taken at the battery immediately over the custom house, about 200 yards N.W. of 
Fitzroy’s station. 
Supplies of every description are plentiful in this port, and it possesses two' boating 
docks capable of lifting almost any vessel ; they are moored at the head of the west 
side of the bay close to the landing place. 
The ship remained at Valparaiso from the 19th November until the 11th December, 
the crew being occupied in refitting the ship, fitting a new set of sails, and making 
other repairs ; and during this time the members of the Expedition visited Santiago 
and other places of interest in Chili. During the stay the temperature of the air 
varied from 53° to 78°, but the sea surface was from 54° to 60 o, 5, the coldest tempera- 
ture being registered after a strong southerly wind. The general temperature of the 
surface water was from 56° to 59°. 
The Reports on the Copepoda 1 and Ostracoda, 2 by Dr. George S. Brady, F.R.S., 
have already been published, and from them the following notes have been prepared : — 
The Copepoda . — The Copepoda are almost universal in their distribution, and 
include both free-swimming and parasitic forms. The sea, from the Equator to the 
Poles, supports such vast numbers of them, that it is often coloured by wide bands for 
distances of many miles. But the appearance of these minute creatures at the surface 
depends upon conditions, the nature of which is scarcely at all understood. In confirma- 
tion of this, the Naturalists of the Expedition noted an extraordinary profusion of Cory- 
cceus pellucidus for two days in the surface water, but after that no more could be seen. 
Night on the whole seems more favourable than daytime for their approach to the 
surface, but it would appear that there is no very great difference between the nocturnal 
and diurnal species in this group. In the Polar Seas some species, especially Calanus 
jinmarchicus, are present at times in such great abundance as to constitute an important 
item in the food of Penguins and Whales. As regards number and size of individuals, 
the cold water of the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans is even more favourable to the growth 
of the Copepoda than the warmer seas of the tropics. In the cold Polar Seas, Calanus 
1 Report on the Copepoda, by Geo. S. Brady, F.R.S., Zool. Chall. Exp., part xxiii., 1883. 
3 Report on the Ostracoda, by Geo. S. Brady, F.R.S., Zool. Chall. Exp., part iii., 1880. 
