850 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Date. 
1875. 
Station. 
Velocity of wind in 
miles per hour. 
Force of wind by Beau- 
fort’s scale, as noted 
in log. 
1 
December 14 
299 
12 
2 
„ 17 
300 
12 
2 
„ 28 
302 
16 
3 
30 
303 
14 
3 to 4, mean 3f 
The deposit at 2160 fathoms off Valparaiso contained 16 per cent, of carbonate of 
lime, and was a blue mud, in all essential respects similar to that in 2225 fathoms at 
the Station before entering Valparaiso on the 17th November. The trawling was even 
more productive than on that occasion, for besides some pumice stones and a few 
manganese nodules, over one hundred specimens of invertebrates and a few fish were 
obtained. In the special Reports already published, forty-two new species of deep-sea 
animals are recorded from this Station. 
As far as can be judged at present, the trawlings and dredgings on the blue muds 
near continental coasts are much more productive than those at similar depths on other 
kinds of deposits far removed from continents. For instance, although many dredgings 
and trawlings were taken during the cruise between -Japan and Chili in depths of about 
2000 fathoms or less, none of them can be compared in productiveness either with 
respect to number of individuals or species with the hauls in 1875 and 2300 fathoms 
off Japan, or 2225 and 2160 fathoms off the coast of Chili. This fact was noted so often 
during the cruise that it is difficult to believe it to be a mere accident. It is probably 
connected with the fact that food is more abundant near continental shores where 
large rivers enter the sea, and possibly also with proximity to the shallow waters of 
continental land, whence it may be supposed deep-sea forms have been originally derived. 
Whether or not animals from trawlings farther removed from shallow water are on 
the whole more abnormal than those from similar depths near shore, cannot with any 
certainty be stated until the whole of the groups have been fully worked out, but there 
are indications that such is the case. 
The deposit at 1375 fathoms, 20 miles to the eastward of Juan Fernandez, was a 
Clobigerina ooze containing 54 per cent, of carbonate of lime, which consisted of the 
shells of Foraminifera, a few fragments of Pteropods, Echinoderms, and Polyzoa. The 
mineral particles were chiefly of volcanic origin, and among them were very many 
fragments of palagonite. 
The trawl contained over one hundred deep-sea animals and fragments of palagonite, 
pumice, and tufa. The trawl appeared to have caught in something at the bottom, for 
