10 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
to the right and then to the left. More shot is then poured through the funnel until it 
reaches the foramen, when the thumb is placed on the shot and pressed into the cavity 
downwards and backwards ; the measure of resistance offered to the thumb expresses 
whether in the previous operation the cranial cavity has been properly filled. Shot is 
again poured through the funnel until the skull is filled to the foramen magnum. It 
will be observed that I do not ram the shot in the process of guaging, and do not 
therefore overfill the cavity. 
In cubing the contents the shot is not poured into a litre and a demi-litre measure, 
as was the practice of M. Broca, but through the same funnel as that used in fil lin g the 
skull into the large 2 litre glass cylinder graduated in intervals of ten centimetres, 
devised by Prof. Ranke of Munich, and for a gift of which I am greatly indebted to that 
eminent anthropologist. 1 Each skull was gauged and cubed at least twice, once by 
myself, and once by my museum assistant Mr. James Simpson. The figures stated in 
the tables are the mean of the two measurements, and in no case was a measurement 
accepted where a difference occurred of more than 10 cubic centimetres. When such 
a difference arose, as occasionally took place from inadvertence in not attending to 
some of the necessary precautions, the skull was at once remeasured. I have arranged 
the skulls according to their capacities into three divisions, and have employed the same 
numerical classification as Prof. Flower; viz.: Microcephalic below 1350; Mesocephalic 
between 1350 and 1450 ; Megacephalic above 1450 cubic centimetres. 
BUSH RACE, SOUTH AFRICA. 
Plates I., VI. Tables I., XVIII., XIX. 
Two crania, both apparently males, were collected by the Challenger Expedition. In 
the same box were the pelvic bones and long bones of the limbs of one skeleton, but 
these were unfortunately so much injured that exact measurements could not be taken. 
No memorandum of the donor of these skulls has been preserved, but Mr. Murray 
thinks that they were presented by the late Dr. Bleek. Along with them were several 
stone implements shaped into lance heads, a large perforated stone ball, some fragments 
of pottery and two Ostrich eggs. I have examined along with these specimens five other 
Bush crania, 2 one of which was a child of about nine years, and the remarks which follow 
1 Prof. Ranke has since devised a reproduction of a skull in bronze, in which all the inequalities of the cranial 
cavity are reproduced, and which, from the imperviousness of its walls, both to water and mercury, enables either of 
these agents to be employed so as to obtain a definite standard of comparison. Prof. Ranke brought this bronze skull 
under the notice of the Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Anthropologie, October 1882. See the Correspondenz Blatt, p. 137, 
in Archiv fur Antlvropologie, Ed. xv., 1884. 
2 One specimen was purchased for the University Anatomical Museum many years ago ; a second, being the one 
figured in Plate I., was presented along with the skeleton by Dr. P. C. Sutherland and W. Proudfoot, Esq., of Natal. This 
man came from the mountains at the source of the Umzimkulu and St. John’s river. He had been about twelve vears 
