28 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
skull A. Its cephalic index is only 77 '5, which is considerably below the mean of 8 5 '3 
of the seven Patagonian skulls (three females, four males) measured by Prof. Flower, in 
the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, two of which, however, are artificially de- 
formed. It is also much below the skull of a Patagonian found in a tumulus near the 
river Chupa, cephalic index 89, figured by Prof. Huxley, whose figures for convenience 
of reference I have reproduced on p. 27, 1 and to the skull from Carmen, at the mouth of 
the Rio Negro, recently described by Mr. G. W. Bloxam, 2 the cephalic index of which was 
92‘6, in which, however, the index is without doubt increased by modification in the shape 
from occipital pressure. MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy also point out that the Puelches, 
the people who now occupy the valley of the Rio Negro, where the dolichocephalic race of the 
Tehuelches once resided, are remarkable for their brachycephalism. It may therefore be a 
fair subject for enquiry whether a dolichocephalic race did not precede in South America 
its present brachycephalic inhabitants, which race has been gradually displaced, though 
its descendants may yet be found in the Guaranis of Bahia 3 and in the Botocudos of 
Brazil, or pushed far to the southward in the dolichocephalic or, perhaps with some 
intermixture, also in the mesaticephalic people of the Fuegian archipelago. The difference 
between the modern Patagonian and the Fuegian is not one of head-form only. They 
differ also strikingly in their stature and mode of life, and the former in physical 
characteristics certainly, and probably also in intellectual, is obviously a much superior 
race to the latter. 
AUSTRALIAN. 
Plates II., VII. Tables III., IV., V., VI., XVIII., XIX. 
Only three aboriginal Australian skulls were collected by the Challenger. One a male, 
probably from Queensland. A second, a male from Queensland, was obtained along with 
other bones of the skeleton from a collector. The third, a female from West Victoria, 
in the Camperdown district, inland from Port Fairy, was presented along with other bones 
of the skeleton by James Dawson, Esq. 4 In addition I have examined two skulls long 
in the Anatomical Museum of the University, and a considerable number of crania which I 
have been engaged for some years in collecting, and for which I am indebted partly to 
the kindness of W. G. Howitt, Esq. of Melbourne, and partly to that of several of my 
1 Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. ii. p. 253. These figures have also been reproduced by Dr. Barnard 
Davis in his Supplement to the Thesaurus Craniorum, pp. 58, 59, 1875 ; and by MM. de Quatrefages and Hamy in Crania 
Ethnica, p. 468. 
2 Journ. Anthrop. Inst., p. 28, Aug. 1882. Length 163 mm., Breadth 151 mm., Height 148 mm. 
3 Retzius in Muller's Archiv, 1849, and Ethnologische Schriften, p. 112, shows that the Guarani Indians are dolicho- 
cephalic. In the same Archiv, 1855, and in Ethnologische Schriften, p. 134, he gives the length and breadth measure- 
ments of the skull of a Pampas Indian, with a cephalic index of 88'4. 
* A most interesting account of the customs, language, &c. of the natives of this part of Victoria has been given by 
Mr. Dawson in a quarto volume, Australian Aborigines, Melbourne, 1881. 
