1913-14.] The Place in Nature of the Tasmanian Aboriginal. 179 
selected the Tasmanian as the basis. In fig. 10 the maximum and minimum 
range of variation of this race is represented by two horizontal lines which 
are supposed to pass through the extremes of variation uniformly regarded 
as being equal to 100 per cent. If, for example, the average maximum 
breadth of a series of Tasmanian skulls be found to be 135 with a minimum 
breadth of 120, the range of variation on the minimum side would be 15. 
If now the average maximum breadth of a series of Australian crania be 
o 
found to be 131 with a minimum of 120, the range of variation would be 
11 and the relative values of the Tasmanian and Australian ranges of 
variation would be expressed by the formula as 15 (Tasmanian) is to 100 
so is 11 (Australian) to the answer, namely 73 in round numbers. As the 
data from which our fig. 10 is compiled include other skulls besides those 
specifically dealt with here and taken as stated from the Royal College of 
Surgeons Catalogue, we can only indicate generally the process by which 
the results are attained. We may, however, add that the very greatest 
care has been taken in the calculations, which have been made throughout 
by mechanical appliances. 
The most cursory glance at the graph shows that the range of variation 
is in the Australian greater than in the Tasmanian. It further shows 
that certain individual Australians are at a much lower position in the 
evolutionary scale than are the most lowly of the Tasmanians ; that certain 
individual Australians have, on the other hand, attained a higher position 
than have the most highly evolved Tasmanians ; whilst lastly, the applica- 
tion of Cross’s formula demonstrates that the average Australian remains 
at a slightly lower level in the evolutionary scale than does the average 
Tasmanian. 
Concerning the Andamanese the same graph, fig. 10, demonstrates 
that, as judged by the range of variation, the Andamanese are an even 
purer race than are the Tasmanians, but that, with one or two exceptions, 
the most advanced Andamanese has not attained so high a position in the 
evolutionary scale as have either the Tasmanian or the Australian. 
Regarding the primary object of the graph, it will be evident that the 
Australian, in his maximum and minimum ranges of variation, is more 
closely related to the admittedly mixed race — the Italian — than to the two 
supposed pure races. To test the point still further, we have submitted the 
range of variation in all the compared races to a numerical proof. The 
race taken as the basis, the Tasmanian, is regarded as possessing an amount 
of variation equal to 100 per cent. The variations of the other races are 
calculated therefrom in percentages, added together and divided by the 
number of observations — 14. As both the maximum and minimum series 
