REPORT ON THE FORAMIHIFERA. 
283 
The walls, both of the expanded base and the pedicel, are composed of sand, sponge- 
spicules, or other foreign bodies, according to the nature of the sea-bottom and the 
material it affords. The extraneous matter of whatever sort is pretty uniformly 
distributed and firmly incorporated with calcareous cement, except just at the narrow end 
of the pedicel, wthere the test is left in a chitinous and to some extent flexible condition. 
Notwithstanding the variety of materials employed in the construction of the test, there 
is a manifest preference for siliceous spicules, and in localities where sponges abound, 
their long slender needles, either broken or entire, are selected for the purpose. Some- 
times the whole exterior of the test, both disk and pedicel, is covered with spicula to the 
exclusion of sand-grains, as shown in one of Prof. Lankester’s drawings (loc. cit.) : it may 
be added, however, that the figure referred to is taken from a somewhat exceptional 
specimen. The selected spicula, whole or broken, are either incorporated in the same 
way as other foreign materials or are fixed by one end, leaving the remainder free and 
projecting ; and they are generally found in the largest number about the distal end of 
the test. In some specimens, especially in those with a globular head, they stand out on 
all sides and at every angle ; but in the typical clavate form of Haliphysema tumanowiczii 
they are more frequently all directed forwards, spreading but slightly, so that the broad end 
has the appearance of a little broom, as represented in the figures. 
With respect to the geographical and bathymetrical distribution of Haliphysema 
tumanowiczii , I can add but little to what has already been published. The species 
appears to be at home in shallow water, from shore-pools or between tide-marks, to a 
depth of 20 fathoms (Kent), or 25 fathoms (Tumanowicz). The following localities, with 
two exceptions, are quoted from Dr. Bowerbank and Mr. Norman : — off Hastings 
(Tumanowicz) ; Berwick Bay (Johnstone) ; Cullercoats ? (Alder) ; Torbay (Parfitt) ; 
Budleigh-Salterton (Carter) ; Jersey (Kent) ; Colwyn Bay (Siddall) ; Dublin Bay 
(Haddon) ; Bergen, Norway (Haeckel) ; “ Haliphysema primordiale Corsica (Haeckel) ; 
“ Gastrophysema dithalamium ” Smyrna (Haeckel). 
Haliphysema ramulosum, Bowerbank (PI. XXVII, A. fig. 6). 
Haliphysema ramulosa, Bowerbank, 1864-1866, Monogr. Brit. Spong., vol. ii. p. 79, — vol. iii. 
pi. xiii. fig. 1. 
,, ,, Carter, 1870, Ann. and Mag. Hat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. v. p. 389. 
Squamulina scapula , “branched variety,” Carter, 1870, Ann. and Mag. Hat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. vi. 
p. 345. 
Haliphysema capitulatum, Moebius, 1876, Tagsblatt d. 49, Versamml. d. deutsch. Haturforsch. 
in Hamburg, p. 115, Ho. 2. 
„ ramulosum , Haeckel, 1877, Biolog. Studien, p. 193. 
,, „ Horman, 1878, Ann. and Mag. Hat. Hist., ser. 5, vol. i. p. 275;— 
1882, in Bowerbank’s Monogr. Brit. Spong., vol. iv. p. 38. 
„ tumanowiczii, Moebius, 1880, Foram. von Mauritius, p. 72, pi. i. figs. 1-5 ; 
pi. ii. fig. 1. 
