REPORT ON THE EORAMINIFERA. 
285 
Haliphysema ramulosum differs from Haliphysema tumanou'iczii ; that on the coast of 
Devonshire the former “ always grows on the rocks at half-tides, and is therefore 
uncovered by water twice a day ; while the latter grows always in the Laminarian zone, 
and is seldom or never uncovered.” This is an interesting fact, but it is probably of local 
rather than general application. 
I can add nothing to the notes on distribution furnished by previous authors, which 
may be summarised as follows : — Budleigh-Salterton, Devon, between tide marks (Carter) ; 
Guernsey, dredged 15 fathoms, on Gorgonia verrucosa (Norman) ; Roundstone Bay, 
Ireland, on seaweed, Laminarian zone (Norman) ; coast of Florida, U. S. A., dredged by 
Pourtales (Schmidt) ; Mauritius, coral-reefs (Moebius). 
Family IV. LITUOLIDiE. 
The composite structure of the test is the primary characteristic alike of the 
Lituolidze and the Astrorhiztdze. No hard line of separation can be drawn between 
the two Families, but, speaking in general terms, the tests of the Lituolidze assume more 
regular forms, their segmentation is more definite, and they are of smaller dimensions, 
than those of the allied series. The Family, as now presented, embraces a large number of 
generic or subgeneric groups, which collectively cover an area of morphological variation 
wide enough to include sandy isomorphs of a considerable proportion of the hyaline and 
porcellanous types. Our knowledge of the series, especially of the forms constituting the 
Lituolinze and Trochamininle, has been greatly extended by the deep-sea explorations 
carried on during recent years, and their zoological treatment has of necessity been 
placed on a wider basis than heretofore. Messrs. Parker and Jones classed the rougher 
Arenacea known to them as varieties of a single typical species, Lituola nautiloidea , and 
the smoother series, in the same way, as modifications of Trochammina squamata. It is 
needless to enter into the question of the exact zoological value of the minor characters of 
the numerous organisms now referred to these two subordinate groups, but they are 
sufficiently distinctive to furnish the groundwork of an orderly classification on similar 
lines to those adopted in other groups of Foraminifera of like extent. Whether Reophax, 
Hapiophragmium , and Placopsilina, and their labyrinthic isomorphs, be considered as sub- 
typical varieties of the “ species ” Lituola nautiloidea, as sub-genera of the genus Lituola, 
or as genera of the sub-family Lituolinze, is a matter that may be determined by con- 
venience. Viewed in relation to the comparative fixity of characters existing amongst 
animals of higher organization, the first method of treatment would be most consistent, 
but in relation to the conditions which obtain amongst the Rhizopoda the last of the three 
presents the fewest difficulties. 
The precise nature of the composite test of the Lituolida; differs considerably in the 
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP. PART XXXI. 1883.) Y 37 
