REPORT ON THE EORAMINIEERA. 
301 
The earliest appearance of the type, geologically speaking, is in the Carboniferous 
epoch, and from that remote era down to recent times it is found in microzoic strata of 
almost every age. 
Haplophragmium agglutinans , d’Orbigny, sp. (PL XXXIL figs. 19-26). 
Sjoirolina agglutinans, d’Orbigny, 1846, For. Eoss. Vien., p. 137, pL vii. figs. 10-12. 
„ simplex, Reuss, 1855, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xviii. p. 232, pi. ii. 
fig. 30. 
Haplophragmium rectum, Brady, 1876, Monogr. Carb. and Perm. Eoram., p. 66, pi. viii. figs. 8, 9. 
Test elongate, crosier-shaped ; planospiral at the commencement, subsequently linear. 
Spiral portion relatively small, consisting of little more than one visible convolution ; 
compressed, excavated at the umbilici ; peripheral edge rounded. Linear portion 
cylindrical, slightly increasing in size towards the distal end, seldom composed of more 
than six or seven segments ; septation often obscure in large specimens. Aperture 
simple, central, terminal. Length, y-Joth to x^th inch (0‘25 to 2‘5 mm.). 
The general features of Haplophragmium agglutinans . are adequately illustrated by 
the series of figures given in PI. XXXIL The drawings, which are all done to the same 
scale, show also the great diversity that exists in the size of the specimens. The characters 
of the species are nevertheless tolerably uniform in other respects, and specimens measuring 
x^jjjth inch have about the same number of segments as those ten times that length, 
and are very similar in general contour. The chambers are generally subcylindrical, 
sometimes slightly inflated ; when the walls are thin, the sutural lines are distinct 
(fig. 21, &c.), but when the test is thick (figs. 19, 24), or very rough externally (fig. 20), 
the segmentation can scarcely be traced on the exterior. 
The figures of crosier-shaped LituolincB given by the earlier authors are for the most 
part exceedingly obscure, and the various forms are associated with the long varieties of 
Peneroplis, under the generic term Spirolina. They are usually more or less irregular, 
and show signs of labyrinthic structure. 
There can be little doubt that the Haplophragmium rectum of the Carboniferous 
Monograph ( loc . cit.) belongs to the present species. It was named before the extent of 
variation in the group, of which d’Orbigny’ s figure is the central type, was fully 
recognised. 
Haplophragmium agglutinans is found living in every part of the world, and it has 
a wide bathymetrical range, though comparatively rare in shallow water. Small 
specimens have been obtained on our own shores, off the Isle of Wight (Millett) and in 
Dublin Bay (Wright). Its distribution list includes nine Stations in the North Atlantic, 
the depths of which vary from 530 to 2750 fathoms, the furthest northern limit being 
(ZOOL. CHALL. EXP. — PART XXII. — 1883.) Y 39 
