392 
THE VOYAGE OE H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
Valvulina conica, Parker and Jones (PI. XLIX. figs. 15, 16). 
Valvulina triangularis, Parker and Jones, 1857, Ann. and Mag. Hat. -Hist., sor. 2, voL sis. p. 295, 
pi. xi. figs. 15, 16. 
„ triangularis, var. conica, Id. 1865, Phil. Trans., vol. civ. p. 406, pL xv. fig. 27. • 
„ conica, M. Sars, 1868, Vidensk.-Selsk. Forhandl., p. 249. 
This species differs from the typical Valvulina triangularis chiefly in the absence of 
trifacial compression. The test is conical, and so far as the arrangements of the chambers 
is concerned it is triquetrous ; but the oral end is circular and nearly fiat. The aperture 
is at the umbilical margin of the final segment, almost concealed by the overhanging 
valvular lip 
Valvulina conica is essentially a parasitic species, and it not unfrequently occurs in 
colonies like that represented in fig. 16. When found in situ, the test is generally 
surrounded by a spreading mass of fine light- coloured sand, apparently collected by the 
animal as a protection for the sarcode protruded from the base of the test (figs. 15, 
16). The sand is of even grain, and though sufficiently coherent to bear washing in a 
stream of water, the mass is easily disintegrated with a camel’s-hair pencil. This sandy 
rampart is quite distinct from the test itself, and differs from it both in colour and 
texture ; but it is more than probable that the material for the construction of the test, 
as it increases in size, may be selected from what is accumulated in this way. Adherent 
specimens of Valvulina fusca are generally surrounded in a similar manner (fig. 14). 
The test of the present species is brown in colour, darkest at the apex, and gradually 
becoming lighter towards the oral end. 
Valvulina conica is common on the coast of Norway, at 100 to 450 fathoms, and 
occurs at similar depths in the Faroe Channel, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence. It has been 
observed at three Challenger Stations in the South Pacific, namely: — off Kandavu, Fiji, 210 
fathoms; off Paine Island, Torres Strait, 155 fathoms; and off Juan Fernandez, 1375 
fathoms. Parker and Jones report its presence in the Mediterranean, 320 fathoms ; on the 
Abrolhos Bank, 47 fathoms ; and in shore-sands from Melbourne, Australia. 
Valvulina fusca, Williamson, sp. (PI. XLIX. figs. 13, 14). 
Rotalina fusca, Williamson, 1858, Eec. For. Gt. Br., p. 55, pi. v. figs. 114-115. 
Valvulina triangularis, var. austriaca, Parker and Jones, 1862, Introd. Foram., Appendix, 
p.-311. 
Valvulina austriaca, Brady, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. Bond., vol. xxiv. p. 472. 
,, fusca, M. Sars, 1868, Vidensk.-Selsk. Forhandl., p. 249. 
Rotalina fusca, Terquem, 1875, Anim. sur la Plage de Dunkuerque, p. 26, pi. ii. fig. 6, a.b. 
Valvulina fusca, Berthelin, 1878, Foram. de Bourgneuf et Pornichet, p. 25, Ho. 21. 
Valvulina fusca differs from Valvulina conica principally in the low depressed plano- 
convex form of the test. Like the latter species it is of parasitic habit, but the test is 
