684 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
II. “ The auricula or oblonga group ; 10-500 fathoms (70 fathoms best).” 
Pulvinulina auricula, P. oblonga, P. scabra, P. hauerii, and P. lateralis. 
III. “ The menardii or abyssal group ; 100-2700 fathoms.” 
Pulvinulina menardii (and var. Jimbriata), P. tumida, P. canariensis, 
P. patagonica, P. crassa, P. micheliniana, P. umbonata, P. exigua, 
and P. pauperata. 
IY. “ The schreibersii or stellar group ; 30-2 700 fathoms. ” 
Pulvinulina schreibersii, P. procera, and P. karsteni. 
V. “The elegans or strongly limbate group ; 70-1000 fathoms.” 
Pulvinulina elegans, P. partschiana, P. berthelotiana, and P. favus. 
The geographical distribution of the genus is world-wide. Living specimens have 
been taken in the Arctic Ocean up to the very farthest points hitherto explored, 
and in the southern hemisphere to the Antarctic Ice-barrier ; and at every intermediate 
latitude the type is copiously represented. Certain species have a more or less pelagic 
existence, either at the surface of the ocean or in mid- water, but the majority of forms 
inhabit the bottom-ooze, and their bathymetrical range extends from the littoral or algal 
zone down to a depth of 3125 fathoms. In point of numerical abundance, the specimens 
of Pulvinulina far exceed those of any other genus of recent Foraminifera, Globigerina 
alone excepted ; and their dead shells, especially those of the pelagic species, contribute 
in like proportion to the formation of oceanic deposits. 
The geological history of the- genus commences in the Carboniferous period, the earliest 
known Pulvinulince being rare specimens pertaining to the “ elegans ” group, which occur in 
the Calcaire de Namur of Belgium. Very similar forms have' been found in the Trias of 
St. Cassian and of Derbyshire, in the Lias, and the Oolite. The Cretaceous age is 
marked by a large increase in the number of species, and the list receives constant 
accessions during the successive stages of the Tertiary epoch. 
Pulvinulina repanda, Fichtel and Moll, sp, (PI. CIV. fig. 18, a.b.c.). 
Nautilus repandus, Fichtel and Moll, 1803, Test. Micr., p. 35, pi. iii. figs. a.d. 
Rotalia repanda, Parker and Jones, 1860, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. v. p. 175, 
No. 25. 
Pidvinulina repanda, Carpenter, 1862, Introd. Foram., p. 210. 
Placentula repanda, Berthelin, 1878, Foram. de Bourgneuf et Pornicliet, p. 41, No. 68. 
Pulvinulina repanda, Terrigi, 1880, Atti dell’ Accad. Pontif., ann. xxxiii. p. 206, pi. iii. fig. 61. 
The Nautilus repandus of Fichtel and Moll has been adopted by Parker and Jones as 
the central type of the genus Pulvinulina. The original figure ( loc . cit.) is that of a 
regularly Rotaliform shell, the two faces of which are nearly equally convex, presenting 
