712 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
If this view as to the essential characters of the genus Calcarina be accepted, it 
becomes obvious, as already suggested, that such forms as the Calcarina calcar and 
Calcarina pulchella of d’Orbigny must be transferred to the true Rotalice, notwith- 
standing the ray-like peripheral extensions of the test ; inasmuch as they have the 
simple slit-like aperture and the comparative absence of supplemental skeleton which 
characterises the latter genus. 
In the living condition Calcarina is common in the seas of tropical latitudes, though 
somewhat local in its distribution ; it is less common in the warmer regions of the 
temperate zone, and is not found further north than the Mediterranean and the Adriatic. 
It attains its best development at depths of less than 100 fathoms. As a fossil its 
earliest appearance is probably in the Chalk of the south-east of England ( J ones) ; it is 
abundant in the Chalk of Maestricht, and the specimens are of fine dimensions. It occurs 
in the Eocene of the Paris Basin, in the Miocene both of Europe and America, and 
probably also in the later deposits. 
Calcarina spengleri, Linne, sp. (PI. CYIII. figs. 5, 7). 
“ Ammonshorn,” Spengler, 1781, Danske Skriften, vol. i. p. 379, pi. ii. fig. 9, a.b.c. 
Nautilus spengleri, Linn6, 1788, Syst. Nat., 13th. (Gmelin’s) eel., p. 3371, No. 10. 
Siderolites calcitrapoides, Lamarck, 1801, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., p. 376 ; — 1816, Tableau 
Encycl. et Meth., pi. cccclxx. fig. 4, a. -k. 
Nautilus spengleri, Fichtel and Moll, 1803, Test. Micr., p. 84, pis. xiv. xv. (in part). 
Calcarina spengleri, d’Orbigny, 1826, Ann. Sci. Nat., vol vii. p. 276, No. 4. 
„ „ Carpenter, 1860, Phil. Trans., p. 548, pis. xix., xx. • — 1862, In trod. Foram., 
p. 216, pi. xiv. 
,, calcitrapoides, Reuss, 1861, Sitzungsb. d. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. xliv. p. 315, pi. iv. 
figs. 1-4, 6. 
The Nautilus spengleri of Linne and Cm el in is based upon drawings accompanying 
a paper by Lorentz Spengler in the first volume of the “ Danish Transactions.” 
Spengler’s specimens were brought from Amboyna, and his figures represent somewhat 
roughly, but unmistakably, the large well-marked variety which embodies the typical 
characters of the genus Calcarina. Similar but less regular forms were subsequently 
figured by Schroeter, 1 from specimens procured from the Adriatic ; and the type was 
further illustrated by Fichtel and Moll a few years later. In modern times, the external 
characters of the organism and its internal structure have been minutely described by Dr. 
Carpenter. 
Typically the test of Calcarina spengleri takes the form of a lenticular disk with 
radiating marginal spines ; the two sides are nearly equally convex, and the surface 
is generally studded with slightly raised tubercles of solid semi-transparent shell-substance. 
The spines, which vary greatly in number, are generally straight and cylindrical, and either 
1 Neue Litteratur und Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Naturgeschichte, sonderlich der Conchylien imd der Steine, 
1784, p. 307, figs. 3-6. 
