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fissured sides and axils. The present species also bears a strong resemblance 
to the next below, from which it may be distinguished by the larger squamules 
and by the stouter, more nearly continuously corticate and sometimes more 
loosely apically branched, lighter colored podetia. Reference was made in 
the last paper to specimens called Cladonia symphycarpia Fr. , by American 
workers, and referred to Cladonia cariosa by Dr. Wainio, to whom the mate- 
rial was submitted by the present writer. However, some of these speci- 
mens with large or very large and much cut squamules, Dr. Wainio referred 
to Cladonia subcariosa, and this, in one or two instances, with few podetia, 
thus depending mainly upon the squamules, which in these specimens, at 
least, are very markedly different from those of Cladonia cariosa. By way 
of illustration of the squamules of the present species we give a few of these 
squamules from the plant noted below and collected in the Lookout Moun- 
tains byW. W. Calkins (his No. 85 of “ North American Lichens”) and dis- 
tributed by him as Cladonia sy 77 iphycarpia Fr. For the podetia we give 
illustration from a few separated from cespitose clusters as exhibited in a 
specimen in the writer’s herbarium, collected in Germany by Dr. F. Arnold, 
in 1897, which illustrates the podetia much better than any American mate- 
rial at hand (Plate IV. fig. 1, b). 
On earth, especially on sand in open places. Determined by Dr. Wainio- 
from the writer’s herbarium as follows: Tacoma Park, D. C. (collected 
Mabel E. Williams), and distributed in “ Lichenes Boreali-Americani ” (No. 
178) as Cladonia sy 77 iphycarpia, and Lookout Mountains, collected by W. W. 
Calkins, who distributed it in his “ North American Lichens (Nos. 85 and 94) 
as Cladonia sy 7 nphycarpia. As for further North American distribution. 
Dr. Wainio adds Massachusetts, Texas and some adjacent islands. Known 
in all grand divisions. 
Cladonia mitrula Tuck, in Dari. FI. Cestr. 444. 1853. Primary thallus 
commonly persistent, composed of subdichotomous, irregularly or subdigi- 
tately laciniate or crenate, flatish, ascending or suberect, clustered, small or 
middling sized squamules, which are 1.5-4 mm. in length and nearly or quite 
as wide, ashy to sea-green above and whitish below. Podetia arising from 
the margin or from the surface of the squamules, 3-12 mm. long and .4-1.6 
mm. in diameter, cylindrical and cupless, always terminated by apothecia, 
simple or branched toward the apex, the branches erect or spreading, 
sometimes fissured longitudinally, the axils sometimes open, clustered or 
subsolitary, erect, contex continuous or composed of contiguous; or sub- 
contiguous areoles, or rarely partly decorticate and somewhat sorediate, 
sometimes sparingly squamulose, ashy to sea-green or the decorticate por- 
tions whitish. Apothecia small or middling sized, 1-2 mm. in diameter, soli- 
tary or clustered, sometimes perforate, at first flat and marginatebut usually 
becoming convex and immarginate, brown varying toward paler or reddish- 
brown. Hypothecium pale or brownish. Hymenium pale or brownish be- 
low, and brownish above. Paraphyses usually simple, commonly thickened 
and brownish toward the apex. Asi clavate (Plate IV. Fig. 2, a. b.). 
On naked earth, frequently sandy soil, or rarely on old tree trunks in 
