— 23 — 
or more or less sorediate above 
and along the margin. Podetia 
arising from the surface or margin 
of the squamules, 5-30 mm. long 
and 1-4 mm. in diameter, subcyl- 
indrical or thickened toward the 
top, cupless and always termin- 
ated by apothecia, usually freely 
branching and sometimes even 
from the base, the branches spread- 
ing or more usually suberect, the 
sides commonly more or less fiss- 
ued or grooved, clustered or sub- 
solitary, usually suberect, the cor- 
tex areolate and the areoles scat- 
tered, rarely squamulose toward 
the base, pale sea-green or whitish, 
the decorticate portions betweeu 
the areoles whitish. Apothecia usually medium ^ized, 1-2 or even 4 mm. in 
diameter, clustered-conglomerate, frequently perforate, borne at the apices 
of the podetia, flat or becoming convex and immarginate, lighter or darker 
brown or possibly rarely reddish-brown. Hypothecium pale. Hymenium 
brownish above and pale or brownish below. -Paraphyses simple or rarely 
branched, thickened and brownish toward the apex. Asci clavate or cylin- 
drico-clavate, 
On various soils and rarely on old woqd; in open or more or less 
shaded places. Distributed throughout North America, but much more com- 
mon toward the north, apparently being largely replaced toward the south 
by Cladonia mitrula, which will be considered in the next paper of this 
series. Examined by the writer from Massachusetts and Maine (Clara E. 
Cummings), South Carolina (H. A. Green, whose specimen was received under 
the name, C. caespiticia ), Tennessee (W. A. Calkins, and determined as C. 
subolescens Nyl.), Iowa (Bohumil Shimek and Bruce Fink), Minnesota 
(Bruce Fink), Colorado (Baker, Earle and Tracy, originally determined as 
C. symphycarpa, but changed by Wainio), California (H. E. Hasse), Wyom- 
ing (Avon Nelson), and several localities in British America (John Macoun). 
J. W. Eckfeldt lists from Greenland, T. A. Williams from the Black Hills, 
Mrs. Carolyn W. Harris from ’Montana, and Henry Willey from Illinois. 
Following Tuckerman’s Synopsis, Dr. Wainio’s distribution would add 
Oregon, New Mexico, and two or three arctic or subarctic stations. 
A number of specimens have come to the writer’s herbarium from 
American localities, under the name Cladonia syinphycarpa Fr. , which was 
recognized as a distinct species by Tuckerman. Few of these specimens 
seen are in condition for determination, usually being without podetia, and 
though the squamules are frequently rather large, it seems probable that 
•Wainio is right in assigning such material to the present species. 
