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and to what degree the two species — very near one another as all have 
agreed— were found to differ. There seems no better way to accomplish 
this end, than to take the diagnoses of Archarius, E. Fries, Schaerer, Nylan- 
der, Th. Fries and Tuckerman for a basis, and frame a composite description 
for each species. Such an abstract would naturally comprehend all of the 
individual variations noted by the several observers for each form. 
U. veiled : — Thallus ash-colored, brownish, greenish or whitish ash- 
colored or whitish-pruinose ; ample to large ; leathery, rigid or thickened ; 
smooth, scarcely elevated-punctate, or minutely rimulose-areolate ; mono- 
phyllous and irregularly repand. Thallus below, brownish, brownish-black, 
blackish, or black ; granulose-unequal, subhirsute, hirsute to very hirsute. 
Apothecia marginal, (sessile, Ach.) (patelliform, E. Fries), superficial, 
appressed, plane, small, margined, becoming convex, immarginate, or fin- 
ally excluding the margin, or with a tumid margin ; concentrically or gyrose- 
plicate, and E. Fries states that the disc may be papillose. 
U. spadochroa : — Thallus greenish, brownish, or whitish-ash-colored, or 
quite white; small to large; rigid, subcoriaceous and thickened; smooth or 
elevated-punctate; monophyllous. Thallus below, pallid-ash-colored, brown- 
ish, brownish-black, blackish or black: areolate-granulate, denudate, exas- 
perate, scabrid, papillose, lacerate or more or less hirsute. Apothecia 
marginal, plane, subsimple appressed, lecideine, the margin thickened or 
subpersistent, contracted or even extended, smoothish or sparsely gyrose- 
plicate; papillate from the center of the disc, or the verrucae deficient, when 
there may be a central depression. 
A comparison of the foregoing descriptions will disclose that so far as 
color of upper surface is concerned the two species are much alike, . and the 
same may be said of the size, texture and lobation. The upper surface of 
U. spadochroa is said to be smooth (Th. Fries) elevated-punctate and deli- 
cately rimose (Ach. Li. Um. p. 229) but the latter describes both species as 
elevate-punctate, and the rimulose-areolate characteristic is known to be a 
product of age and habitat. The under surface presents greater dispari- 
ties, unimportant in color, but marked in other respects. It will be noted 
that U. veiled as described is usually hirsute with the range of variation 
from “granulose-unequal” (Nyl. Syn.) to very hirsute; and that U. spado- 
chroa as mentioned is not commonly so well provided with rhizinae, may 
even be “denudate” (Schaer. Eu.) or conditioned variably to “densely rhiz 
inose ” (Th. Fries Li. Scam). In apothecial characters much diversity is 
shown, according to Acharius (Li. Um. p. 672) U. vellea has constantly 
plane marginate apothecia with the disc concentrically plicate : while those 
of U. spadochroa are said to be marginal, usually plane, the margin thick- 
ened and contracted, the disc not uncommonly plicate and solitarily papil- 
late from the center. E. Fries (Li. Eu. Ref.) asserts that the apothecia of U. 
vellea may be papillate, a statement only explicable by the inference of his 
having mistakenly described U. spadochroa. The plicate of the apothecia 
are indifferently concentric or gyrose ; and that organ may be appressed in 
both species. 
