■ -go — 
or subcylindrical, rarely and abortively scyphiform, variously branched 
toward the apex or simple, or rarely branched toward the base, the branches 
commonly short or very short, the sides frequently rimose, the axils some- 
times open, solitary or in groups, erect or variously curved or flexuous, cor- 
tex verrucose or divided into rather small areoles, which are contiguous or 
scattered, sometimes more or less squamulose, especially towards the base, 
varying from straw-colored to sea-green, or the decorticate portions straw- 
colored or whitish. Apothecia terminating all of the podetia or branches, 
small or rarely middling sized, commonly .4-2 mm. in diameter, rounded or 
irregular, sometimes perforate, frequently clustered or conglomerate, or 
rarely solitary, flat'and margined with lighter colored exciple, or more com- 
monly convex and immarginate, from pale flesh-colored to pale brown, rarely 
somewhat pruinose. Hypothecium pale or cloudy. Hymenium pale through- 
out or slightly colored above. Paraphyses simple, the apex frequently thick- 
ened but showing little or no color. Asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. 
O11 rotting trunks, especially of conifers, but rarely also on other wood 
and dry humus. Plants from British America, New York, Virginia, Wiscon- 
sin and Louisiana are referred here by Dr. Wainio in his Monograph, and he 
has also determined the plant for the writer from Minnesota, where it is 
found on dead coniferous wood throughout the northern portion of the State. 
The “pale fruited form” of Cladonia mitrula distributed as No. 187, 
“ Lichenes Boreali-Americani, ” seems quite close to the present species, but 
on submitting the number to Dr. Wainio he agrees with authors of Lich. 
Bor. Amer. Known also in Europe and Asia. Plate VIII. Figs. 3 A and 3 B. 
Cladonia caespiticia (Pers.) Flk. Clad. Comm. 8. 1828. 
Primary thallus persistent and composed of subdigitately-laciniate, 
incised or crenate, ascending flat or rarely involute squamules, which are 
middling sized, 2-10 mm. long and 1.5-8 mm. in width, commonly clustered 
and thus forming larger or smaller patches, sea-green varying toward whit- 
ish or olivaceous, the cortex continuous, frequently sorediate below where 
the color is white. Podetia arising from the surface of the primary thallus, 
abortive or 1-5 mm. long and .4-1.5 mm. in diameter, subcylindrical or 
clavate, -cupless, simple or rarely branched, the apices obtuse and always 
bearing apothecia, usually ashy in color. Apothecia medium sized or larger, 
.75-3 mm. in diameter, at the apices of podetia or rarely subsessile, solitary 
or slightly clustered, thinly margined or immarginate, flat or convex, brown 
or reddish-brown. Hypothecium pale. Hymenium pale below and pale or 
brownish above. Paraphyses simple, the apices enlarged and pale or 
brownish. Asci cylindrico-clavate. 
On soil, usually sandy, or s on rocks. Rarely on dead trunks in dry 
places. Examined by the writer from New York (E. A. Burt and Carolyn 
W. Harris), Ohio (E. E. Bogue and det. Cladonia symphycarpa epiphylla by 
Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt), Iowa and Minnesota (Bruce Fink), and Newfoundland 
(A. C. Waghorne and called Cladonia fimbriata by Dr. F. Arnold). Re- 
ported from Alabama by Charles fMohr, from Montana by Mrs. Carolyn 
W. Harris, and from Massachusetts and Illinois by Henry Willey. 
