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ing, or even decumbent ; variously sorediate, areolate and squamulose, the 
latter especially toward the base; more or less decorticate between the areoles 
or squamules even toward the base ; pale sea-green or brownish, the decorti- 
cate portions white. Apothecia middling sized, 0.75-6.5 mm. in diameter; 
confluent or conglomerate, at the apices of the podetia or branches: concave, 
flat or convex; thinly margined or finally immarginate; usually brown. 
Hypothecium pale. Hymenium pale or pale-brownish below and brownish 
above. Paraphyses usually simple, commonly thickened and brownish 
toward the apex. Asci clavate or cylindrico-clavate. Fig. 2. 
On various kinds of soil, especially in dry sunny places. My own collec- 
tions in Minnesota on thin earth over rocks. Seen by the writer from Can- 
ada (J. Macoun) and from Minnesota (Bruce Fink). Wainio places Tuck. 
Licli. Amer. Exs. no. 124, from the White Mountains here. J. Macoun’s 
Cat. Canadian Plants, Part VII, records the plant from various parts of Brit- 
ish America and from Newfoundland, Alaska and adjacent islands. Known 
also in Europe, Asia and Africa. 
The plant used for illustration was collected by the writer at Kettle 
Falls, Minnesota, and determined by Dr. Wainio. 
Cladonia degenerans (Flk. ) Spreng. Linn. Syst. Veg. 4: 273. 1827. 
The primary thallus more or less evanescent, composed of usually medium 
sized, irregularly laciniately lobed, flat or somewhat involute or convolute, 
ascending, scattered or clustered squamules, which are 2-12 mm. long and 
1 5-10 mm. wide; sea-green varying toward olivaceous above and white 
below or darkening toward the base. Podetia arising from the surface of the 
primary thallus ; 10-55 mm. long and 0.5-3. 5 mm. in diameter; more or less 
irregularly cylindrical or turbinate; erect or ascending; the cortex areolate 
with commonly elevated and frequently scattered areoles, the portions 
between the areoles subtomentose ; sometimes squamulose; sea-green vary- 
ing toward ashy or olivaceous, the decorticate portions white; the sides 
rarely more or less grooved and perforate; occurring in larger or smaller 
clusters, frequently cup-bearing and proliferate. Cups 1.5-8. 5 mm. in diam- 
eter, abruptly or gradually dilated; usually more or less irregular: urceolate 
or shallow; commonly dentate or proliferate, the proliferations arising either 
from the margin or from the center of the cup and either solitary or radiately 
arranged; the ranks 1-5 in number and the lowest 3-20 mm. long; the ster- 
ile apices scyphiform, cornute or rarely subulate. Apothecia small to medium 
sized 0.5-2. 5 mm. in diameter; regular or finally lobate and perforate ; solitary 
or variously clustered at the apices of podetia or proliferations ; convex or flat, 
immarginate; brown, varying toward pale or reddish-brown. Hypothecium 
pale. Hymenium pale beiow and pale-brownish above. Paraphyses simple 
or branched, frequently thickened and brownish toward the apex. Asci 
cylindrico-clavate. Ours sterile and the spore and apothecial characters 
taken from European material. Fig. 1. 
On earth in open, dry places or rarely in dry woods. Rarely on earth 
over rocks. Examined by the writer from Wyoming (Aven Nelson), from 
Alaska (Wm. Trelease) and from several localities in Minnesota (Bruce 
