tion beginning just above the primary thallus: the cavity non -perforate and 
wholly or partly corticate: entire, dentate or proliferate from the margin, the 
proliferations one or more ; the ranks 1-3. Apothecia medium sized, 1-4 mm. 
in diameter; solitary or conglomerate; regular or irregular: sessile on the 
margins of the cups or on longer or shorter pedicels: flat and thinly margined 
or more commonly convex and immarginate: commonly brown and ours all 
some shade of brown: scarcely common. Hypothecium pale or pale-brown- 
ish. Hymenium pale or pale-brownish below and brownish above. Para- 
physes simple or rarely branched, commonly thickened and brownish 
toward the apex. Asci clavate. Plate VII. Fig. 1. 
1 On earth or rocks, or rarely on old wood, usually in places only moder- 
ately moist and shaded. Examined by the writer from New Hampshire (G. 
K. Merrill and R. H. Howe, Jr.), Massachusetts (H. Willey), Maine (Clara 
E. Cummings and G. K. Merrill), Long Island (H. von Schrenk), New York 
(Carolyn W. Harris and E. A. Burt), Ohio (E. E. Bogue and M. Foltz), North 
Carolina (H. A. Green and determined as Cladonia turgida ), Louisiana (A. 
B. Langlois), Missouri (Colton Russell), Minnesota, Iowa, Ohio, Washing- 
ton and Alberta (Bruce Fink), Kansas (H. Willey), Nebraska (T. A. Williams), 
Colorado (C. F. Baker and H. H. Butler), Wyoming (Aven Nelson), Montana 
(R. S. Williams, L. H. Pammel and M. J. Elrod), New Mexico (F. S. Earle), 
Newfoundland (A. C. Waghorne), Alaska (Wm. Trelease), California (H. E. 
Hasse). Listed from Alabama by C. Mohr and from many localities in British 
America by J. Macoun. But Mr. Macoun has not recognized the first variety 
below, and doubtless some of his material belongs there. Willey and Cal- 
kins both list from Illinois, and Eckfeldt and Calkins from Florida. Wainio 
adds nothing to the general North American distribution given above. 
The plants listed above are those which Dr. Wainio would place for the 
most part under Cladonia pyxidata neglecta, simply calling certain poorly 
developed forms by the specific name only. So far as examined by the 
writer the great majority of all specimens belong here, and this form should 
stand for the species. 
Cladonia pyxidata chlorophaea (Spreng.) Flk. Clad. Com 70. 1828. 
The podetia more or less decorticate and sorediate toward the top. 
Examined by the writer from Maine (G. K. Merrill), Massachusetts (R. 
H. Howe, Jr.), New York (Carolyn W. Harris), Iowa, Minnesota, Washington 
and Ohio (Bruce Fink), Tennessee (W. W. Calkins), Montana (M. J. Elrod), 
Colorado (C. F. Baker and L. H. Pammel). Newfoundland (A. G. Waghorne). 
Also listed from California by H. E. Hasse. Dr. Wainio's distribution adds 
Great Bear Lake, Miquelon Island and Pennsylvania. No doubt generally 
distributed over North America, but by no means so abundant as the species. 
Known in all the grand divisions. 
Cladonia pyxidata pocillum (Ach.) Wainio. Mon. Clad. Univ. 2:241, 1894. 
Primary thallus of rather large and thick, round-lobed or somewhat incised, 
closely adnate or slightly ascending squamules, which are more or less imbri- 
cated and closely packed into a commonly olivaceous or brownish crust. 
Podetia partly decorticate above, but not sorediate. Examined by the writer 
