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from Minnesota and Alberta (Bruce Fink), W. W. Calkins lists from Illinois, 
T. A. Williams lists as common at Rapid City, South Dakota, H. Willey has 
listed from Massachusetts, H. E. Hasse from California, and J. W. Eckfeldt 
and W. W. Calkins from Florida. John Macoun gives several localities in 
British America, and Wainio's distribution indicated that the plant is con- 
fined almost exclusively to arctic or alpine regions. In view of this, the dis 
tribution in the United States, as given by American workers in recent years, 
may well be considered' with careful re-examination o£ material. Found in 
Europe, Asia and Africa. 
Cladonia pityrea (Flk.) Fr. Nov. Sched. Crit. 21, 1826. Primary thallus 
finally disappearing, when present composed of subdigitate, laciniate or 
crenate, involute concave or flat, ascending, clustered or scattered squamules, 
which are 1-3 mm. long and 0.5-2 mm. wide, sea-green or olivaceous above 
and white below and rarely more or less sorediate-granulose. Podetia aris- 
ing from the surface of the primary thallus, 3.5-50 mm. long and 0.5-4 mm. 
in diameter, tubaeform, turbinate or subcylindrical; scattered or clustered into- 
small patches: usually erect; the cortex subcontinuous and verrucose, or com- 
posed of small areoles, the areoles raised and contiguous, or the surface 
almost entirely decorticate and frequently sorediate-granulate; sometimes, 
more or less squamulose; sea-green varying toward ashy or olivaceous, the^ 
decorticate portions commonly white, sometimes cup-bearing, the cupless, 
and sterile apices obtuse or subulate, simple or digitately or irregularly- 
branched. Cups 0.5-3 mm. in diameter, gradually or abruptly dilated, com- 
monly more or less irregular, often oblique, the cavity rather shallow; the 
margin dentate, lacerate or proliferate, the proliferations one or more and the 
ranks 1-3. Apothecia small or medium sized, 0.5-4. 5 mm. in diameter, often 
conglomerate; usually on short pedicels on the margins of the cups or at the 
cupless apices: the disk flat and thinly margined or becoming convex and 
immarginate; commonly brick-red (but ours are more commonly a dark 
brown). Hypothecium pale or pale brownish. Hymenium of same color or 
darker brownish above. Paraphyses simple or branched, commonly thick- 
ened and brownish toward the apex. Asci clavate or eylindrico-clavate. 
Plate VII. Fig. 2. 
The only American specimens examined by the writer are a half dozen 
specimens submitted by him to Dr. Wainio, five from Minnesota and one from 
Iowa. Of the six, four were referred by Dr. Wainio to some of the various 
forms which he recognizes, and two, one from Iowa and one from Minnesota, 
were returned marked simply Cladonia pityrea. Dr. Wainio recognizes the 
species from Vancouver Island, Oregon, Massachusetts, South Carolina, 
Cuba, Porto Rico, Mexico, and one or two other small islands. This would 
give the plant a wide North American distribution, though it does not seem 
to be recognized by American lichenists, except those plants determined for 
the writer by Dr. Wainio. The species is doubtless a compound conception, 
but we can do no better, in the present state of knowledge, than to simply 
record below the three forms which Dr. Wainio has been able to recognize in 
the specimens sent him by the writer. While this treatment is far from sat- 
