THE BRYOLOGIST 
Vol. X. November, 1907 No. 6. 
FURTHER NOTES ON CLADONIAS. XIIL 
Cladonia cristatella and Cladonia coccifera. 
Bruce Fink. 
In the two species considered in this second paper on the scarlet-fruited 
Cladonias, we seem to be perhaps nearer certain of the brown-fruited Clad- 
onias than we were in the three species considered in the last paper of the 
series. In confirmation of this view, it may be stated that both Cladonia 
cristatella and Cladonia coccifera have pale-fruited varieties, which may 
easily be confused with such species as Cladonia mitrula, Cladonia botrytes , 
Cladonia pyxidata and Cladonia cameo la. Even so good a lichenist as 
Nylander seems to have confused Tuckerman’s Cladonia cristatella ochro- 
carpia with specimens of some pale-fruited American Cladonia, construct- 
ing therefrom his species, Cladonia substraminea , with two varieties, 
one from North America ’and one from South America. This illustrates the 
dangers of making species from a few specimens submitted, Tuckerman 
knowing well that his plants grew with the ordinary scarlet-fruited plants in 
the White Mountains. Again, the resemblance of certain forms of Cladonia 
pityrea to Cladonia cristatella was noted in a former paper of this series, 
and the former species rarely shows a tendency toward scarlet-fruited condi- 
tions as in some specimens collected by the writer in Iowa and determined by 
Dr. Wainio. 
The resemblance of a pale-fruited variety of Cladonia coccifera to Clad- 
onia pyxidata and Cladonia carneola is noted below, and it need only be 
added here that the variety of Cladonia coccifera often shows fruits varie- 
gated with yellow and scarlet. 
The two species considered in the present paper are somewhat closely 
related and have been confused. But Cladonia incrassata Flk. is an inter- 
mediate species, sometimes scyphiform and sometimes without cups, and our 
constantly scyphiform Cladonia coccifera need not be confused with the cup- 
less Cladonia cristatella. 
The specimens used to illustrate this paper were both collected in Minne- 
sota by the writer. 
Cladonia cristatella Tuck. Syn. Lich. New Eng. 55. 1848. Primary 
thallus usually persistent, composed of incised or crenate, small squamules, 
which are 2-3 mm. long and wide, commonly flat but sometimes involute, 
scattered or clustered, sea-green or straw-yellow above and whitish below, 
sometimes sorediate above. Podetia arising from the surface of the squam- 
ules ; usually of moderate length, 4-35 mm. long and o. 5-2. 5 mm. in diameter; 
subcylindrical or somewhat enlarged toward the apex, without cups ; simple, 
or more or less fasciculately or digitately branched toward the apex, the 
The September Bryologist was issued September 3, 1907. 
