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Cladonia coccifera (L.) Willd. FI. Berol. Prod. 361. 1787. Primary 
thallus usually persistent, composed of irregularly or flabellately incised, 
crenate or lobate, small or larger squamules, which are 1-^4 mm. long and 
1-3 mm. wide (foreign measurements more than twice as large): flat or some- 
what involute, the lower side often more or less distinctly nervose; clustered, 
or scattered, light to reddish sea-green above and white below or yellowish 
toward the base, the base and the nerves yellow or red ; rarely sorediate above 
and at the margins. Podetia arising from the surface of the primary thallus, 
4-50 mm. long and 1-4 mm. in diameter at the base, cup-bearing, cylindrical 
or turbinate, erect, corticate, the cortex subcontinuous toward the base and 
areolate-verrucose toward the top; sea-green, frequently yellowish or reddish 
tinged: the decorticate areas between the areoles are frequently white or 
yellowish; rarely more or less squamulose. Cups gradually or abruptly 
dilated, sometimes becoming oblique, subentire, dentate, radiate or prolifer- 
ate, one to four proliferations from cup- bearing cups or apothecia, prolifer- 
ations arising from the margins of the cups or rarely from within, the lower 
rank 4-30 mm. long, the upper one or more formed by proliferation usually 
shorter. Apothecia varying much in size, 1-8 mm. in diameter in ours (and 
frequently twice as large in foreign specimens) ; clustered or solitary, at the 
dilate apices of the proliferations or sessile on the margins of the cups: con. 
vex or depressed convex: thinly margined or more commonly immarginate, 
scarlet in ours. Hypothecium pale. Hymenium pale red above and pale 
below. Paraphyses usually simple, somewhat enlarged at the apex. Asci 
cylindrico-clavate. Plate XI. Fig. 2a and 2b. 
On earth and on humus over rocks. Examined by the writer from New 
Hampshire (Clara E. Cummings, G. K. Merrill and R. H. Howe, Jr.), Massa- 
chusetts (Clara E. Cummings), Connecticut (H. A. Green), New York (Caro- 
lyn W. Harris), Iowa, Minnesota, Washington, British Columbia, Alberta 
(Bruce Fink), Montana (R. S. Williams), Ontario (J. Macoun), Alaska (Wm. 
Trelease). Chas. Mohr records from Alabama, C. H. Peck from New York, 
H. Willey from Massachusetts and J. Macoun from many localities in British 
America. Dr. Wainio’s distribution adds only Gautemala. A large part of 
specimens are recorded under the synonym, Cladonia cornucopioides (L.) 
Fr. These forms fall .mainly at least under Cladonia coccifera stematina 
(Ach.) Wainio Mon. Clad. Univ. 1: 158. 1887, which is the normal form and 
which we prefer to let stand with the species. Widely distributed in north- 
ern United States, British America and southward in the mountains. Tuck- 
erman records from Oregon by Hall, otherwise the collections of the writer 
from Washington seem to be the only ones from the west coast, within the 
United States. Known in all the grand divisions except Africa. 
Cladonia coccifera pleurota (Flk.) Schear. Lich. Helv. Spic. 25, 1823. 
Podetia corticate below and more or less sorediate above. Squamules usually 
sorediate below and along the margins. 
Examined by the writer from New England (Clara E. Cummings), New 
Hampshire (R. H. Howe, Jr.), Massachusetts (H. Willey), Iowa, Minnesota 
and British Columbia (Bruce Fink), Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (A. C. 
