80 
THE VOYAGE OE H.M.S. CHALLENGER 
than the right, but the difference was so great that I am led to think the shorter bone 
probably did not belong to this skeleton. 
Many years ago the late M. Paul Broca 1 compared the length of the clavicle with 
that of the humerus in the same race, and came to the conclusion that in the Negro this 
bone was, like the radius, longer in proportion to the humerus than in the European. 
If the humerus be regarded as =100 then he found that the clavicle in five European 
men had the proportion 44 '3, and in four European women 45 ‘0, whilst in nine Negros 
it was 45*8, and in seven Negresses 47*4. 
The mean length of the clavicle in my six male Australians, as I have just stated, 
was 142*2, and the mean length of the humeri, in the same skeletons, was 335*7, and the 
proportion of the clavicle to the humerus, which may be termed the claviculo-humeral 
index, was 42*3 to 100, which is less than M. Broca obtained in male Europeans. In 
my Bushman’s skeleton, owing to the length of the clavicle, the claviculo-humeral index 
was 51*4, whilst in the so-called Hottentot Venus, a female of the Bush race, this index, 
from Broca’s measurements, was only 42. The mean length of the humeri in my three 
Negros was 341*8, and that of the clavicles 149*4, so that the claviculo-humeral index 
was 43*7, which is below the mean obtained by Broca both for his Negros and 
Europeans; the mean length of the humeri in my two Negresses was 314*5, and that 
of the clavicles 141*7, the claviculo-humeral index was 45, which is almost the same as 
the mean in the European women as obtained by Broca, but considerably below the 
mean of his seven Negresses. M. Broca also gives the proportion of the length of the 
clavicle in an Esquimaux skeleton as 43*8. In my male Esquimaux skeleton the 
claviculo-humeral index was 41*5, and in my female 44*6. 
It seems doubtful if the relation between the length of the clavicle and the humerus 
is sufficiently definite to permit it to be employed with certainty as a race character. 
At any rate it is obvious that a much larger number of skeletons than I have before me, 
or the claviculo-humeral proportions of which have yet been recorded by anatomists, 
would require to be measured before the mean ratio of the clavicle to the humerus for 
each race can be obtained. 
1 Sur les proportions relatives du Bras, de l’Avant-bras et de la Clavicule chez les Negres et les Europeens, Bull, de 
la Son. (FAnthropologie, April 3, 1862, t. iii. p. 162, 1862. Observations by M. Emile Pasteau in a Thesis entitled 
Recherches sur les proportions de la Clavicule dans les Sexes et dans les Races, Paris, 1879, a notice of which is in the 
Lci-ue d Anthropologie, p. 150, 1881, would seem to give support to Broca’s conclusions regarding the relative lengths of 
tbe clavicle and the humerus in Negros and Europeans, but as regards other races no positive result was apparently 
obtained. 
