86 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
we shall find that the mean scapular index ranged from 60'3 in the Tasmanians, to 7 0‘2 in 
the Andaman Islanders, and that the Europeans stand midway between these extremes 
at 6 5 '3. From the very large number of Europeans which have been measured, it may 
Table XI. 
Race and Number of Scapulse. 
Scapular Index. 
Infraspinous Index. 
Europeans (462), ...... 
65-3 
87-8 
Australians (28), ...... 
64-9 
88-5 
Tasmanians (6), 
60-3 
81-4 
Bush (10), ....... 
66-2 
89-7 
Hottentots (2), ...... 
60-0 
82-0 
Negros (about 100), ..... 
69-7 
98-5 
Andaman Islanders (27), 
70-2 
97-3 
Negrito (2), ...... 
64-9 
88-6 
Melanesians (Livon, 26), ..... 
69-8 
93-3 
Polynesians (Livon, 32), ..... 
66-6 
89-4 
Hindoo and Sith (16), 
68-5 
98-0 
Chinese (8), ...... 
66-7 
89-4 
Malay (10), 
68-9 
93-8 
Lapps (8), . ■ . 
62-6 
85-9 
Esquimaux (8), ...... 
61-0 
81-3 
Peruvians (Livon, 46), ..... 
66-5 
89-6‘ 
Fuegians (9), ...... 
65-0 
safely be assumed that this figure expresses accurately the European mean, though in the 
other races, excepting perhaps the Negro and the Andaman Islanders, it is doubtful whether 
the number of scapulse measured in each race is sufficient to give a reliable average. For I 
gather both from my own measurements, and those of other observers, that the range of 
variation in the relative length and breadth of the scapula is very considerable in 
the same race, so that it needs a large number of bones to enable one to obtain 
an accurate idea of the mean of any race. Taking, however, the table as it stands, it 
will be seen that the Lapps, Esquimaux, and Tasmanians fall considerably below the 
European average ; the Negros, Andaman Islanders, Melanesians, and Malays rise con- 
siderably above it, and the Australians, Bush, Polynesians, Peruvians, and Fuegians are 
in close approximation to the Europeans. As in the Anthropoid Apes and in mammals 
generally, the scapular index is higher than in man, it follows that the higher this index 
is in the human scapula, the more does it approach the ordinary mammalian standard, 
and it shows that the scapula has grown in breadth at a greater ratio than in length. 
If the averages of the black races given in the table are approximately correct, then con- 
siderable diversity exists amongst them in the relative length and breadth of the scapula, 
for whilst the Andaman Islanders, Negros, and Melanesians closely approach the mean 
