4 
153 
words. Another table is made up and also printed showing 
the words and their number that occur more than once in 
the nine samples of matter in most frequent use, and of 
these there are 1,103 different words. These tables, besides 
revealing many interesting facts, prove conclusively that 
any attempt to cast whole words must be limited, and that 
the greatest care should be taken to select the best. 
The work of comparing the various combinations to 
ascertain how far they would interfere with each other, was 
of a most tedious nature, and required the close application 
of many young men and women for a number of months. 
It was once or twice accomplished approximately and put 
to the test, and a final series of fifty combinations, including 
some whole word, was at last adopted as being demon- 
strably the best. 
These 50 combinations give a gain of 85 per cent, but 23 
have been again selected out of them, which give a gain of 
25 per cent and have met with the approval of practical 
men. These combinations have been cast, and young men 
and women have been trained to use them upon newspaper 
and other work. Practice has thus been founded upon 
theory, and it need only be further pointed out that, the 
combinations once determined, are applicable not only to 
printing, but to telegraphy and phonography. 
“ Additional Notes on the Structure of Calamites, ” by 
Professor W. C. W illiamson, F.P.S. 
The author stated that, since the reading of his first paper 
on the subject, he had studied numerous beautiful sections 
of specimens collected and prepared by Mr. J. Butterworth, 
of High Crompton, near Oldham. In general these speci- 
mens had confirmed all the author’s views on the subject, 
with some slight modifications. One specimen had occurred 
in which remarkable variations presented themselves in the 
form of the cells of the cellular tracts dividing the woody 
