21G 
THE VOYAGE OF H.M.S. CHALLENGER. 
to the remains of these organisms, which predominate everywhere, and especially in the 
deposits from the medium depths of the ocean far from land. 
The carbonate of lime attiibuted to the presence of the shells of Foraminifera that 
live on the bottom of the sea is estimated to average only 2'13 per cent. The carbonate 
of lime derived from organisms other than Foraminifera, such as Molluscs, Echinoderms, 
Corals, Sponges, otoliths of fish, calcareous Algae, Coccoliths, and Rhabdoliths, ranges 
from 1‘16 to 3177 per cent., the average being 9 ‘2 4 per cent., and it may be said that 
these organisms are especially abundant in the shallower depths of the ocean near land. 
In the Tables Globigeriuidae are mentioned in all cases (118), Pulvinulina (117), 
Coccoliths (116), Echinoderm fragments (114), Rotalidae (107), Miliolidae (105), Rhab- 
doliths (105), Lagenidae (77), Textularidae (71), Ostracodes (64), Pteropods (36), 
Nummulinidae (33), otoliths of fish (28), Lamellibranchs (24), Gasteropods (20), Polyzoa 
(19), teeth of fish (18), Heteropods (11), Serpula (10), and Coccospheres, calcareous 
Algae, Alcyonarian spicules, Cirripeds, Dentalium, Brachiopods, Cymbalopora, and 
Cephalopod beaks (1 to 6 cases). 
With a more careful and detailed examination in each case, it is probable that the 
number of times the above-named organisms occur in the 118 samples would be greatly 
increased in the majority of instances. However, the above numbers indicate fairly well 
the relative frequency with which the remains of these calcareous organisms are met with 
in a Globigerina Ooze during the examination of an average sample. These results, which 
are confirmed by the examination of a large number of deposits in addition to those of the 
Challenger, show, as already stated, that by far the larger part of the carbonate of lime 
in the Globigerina Ooze is derived from the shells of organisms that live in the surface 
waters of the ocean, principally pelagic Foraminifera, Molluscs, and calcareous Algae. 
The residue is the complement of the carbonate of lime ; where the latter is least the 
former is highest, and vice versa. In the above 118 samples the residue ranges from 3 ’20 
to 69‘85, and averages 35 ‘53 per cent. The colour of the residues of the Globigerina 
Oozes is brown in 65, and red in 30, cases, while in other cases it is chocolate, red-brown, 
rose, fawn, black, grey, and green. 
The residue consists of — 
(«) Siliceous Organisms. — These range from 1 per cent, in the majority of cases to 10 
jx*r cent, in 4 cases, the average being 1’64 per cent. The Radiolarian remains are the 
most abundant and the most frequent, then follow the remains of Sponge spicules and 
the frustules of Diatoms. The arenaceous Foraminifera and the glauconitic and other 
easts of cah^areous organisms are also included under this heading. 
I'he remains of Radiolarians, Diatoms, and siliceous Sponges are almost always 
present in the Globigerina dei>osit8, but it frequently happens that one or other of these 
gn)Uj« cannot be detected until a considerable quantity of the deposit has been examined 
after removal of the cjirbonate of lime with dilute acid; in some cases all the siliceous 
