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great superiority of this over any other kind of metal. Still 
the Government continued to make inferior guns and to use 
the inferior metal, and it was only after years of struggling 
that they were induced to adopt the improvements which 
had long before been recognised everywhere else. A full 
account of the matter will be found in Sir James Emmerson 
Tennant s “ Battle of the Guns.” 
The great interest which Mr. Whitworth took in techni- 
cal education was shown by the foundation of the Whit- 
worth Scholarships in 1868. For this purpose he set aside 
£100,000, and, by his will recently published, he has left the 
bulk of his fortune for the promotion of education. 
In 1877 he converted his extensive works at Manchester 
into a Company under the Limited Liability Act, at the 
same time encouraging the workmen to take shares. He, 
his foremen, and others in the concern, 23 in number, held 
92 per cent of the shares and had practical control; no 
good-will was charged, and the plant was taken at a low 
valuation. The shares were £25 each, and were offered 
to the foremen, clerks, draughtsmen, and workmen. The 
workman who could not afford to take a share was assisted 
as follows : — When he received his wages he deposited 
with the clerk what he thought fit. This money was 
employed by the concern as capital, and whatever dividend 
was paid to the shareholders, the workman was paid on his 
deposits as interest on them. If a workman wished to 
withdraw his deposits, he could by giving three days’ notice 
receive a quarter, six days’ notice a half, and twelve days’ 
notice the whole amount standing to his credit. When a 
workman left he was obliged to withdraw his deposit, and 
if a shareholder to sell his shares to the Company at the 
price originally paid for them. 
For nearly twenty-five years Whitworth lived at The Firs^ 
Fallowfield, near Manchester, and afterwards at Stancliffe 
Hall, Darley Dale, in Derbyshire, He was a great gardener^ 
