s 
I N D 
• r 
1 N C 
el .oose out arul return suc h a number of able- 
bodied men as in the commission are con- 
t hiled to serve her majesty. And by stat, 
7 and S \Y. c. 21 . ; 2 Anne, c. 0. ; 4 and 5 
Anne, c. 19.; 13 Geo II. c. 17,; especial 
protections are allowed to seamen in particu- 
lar circumstances, to prevent them from 
being impressed. All which certainly imply 
a power of impressing to reside somewhere ; 
and if any where, it must, from tire spirit of 
our constitution, as well as from the frequent 
mention of the king’s commission, reside in 
the crown alone. 1 Black. 419. 
IMPRISONMENT, is the restraint of a 
man’s liberty under the custody of another, 
and extends not only to a gaol, but a house, 
stocks, or where a man is held in the street, 
or any other place ; for, in all these cases, 
the party so restrained is said to be a prisoner 
so long as he lias not his liberty freely to go 
about his business as at other times. 
' ’None shall be imprisoned but by the law- 
ful judgment of his peers, or by the law of the 
land. Magna Cbarta. 
Imprisonment, false. To constitute the 
injury of false imprisonment, two points are 
necessary : the detention of the person, and 
the unlawfulness of such detention. Every 
confinement of the person is imprisonment, 
whether it is in a common ’prison, or in a 
private house, or in the stocks, or even by 
forcibly detaining one in the streets. 2 Inst. 
539. 
By Magna Charta, no freeman shall be 
taken and imprisoned, but by (lie lawful 
judgment of liis equals, or by the law of the 
land: and by the petition of right, 3 C. 1. 
no freeman shall be imprisoned or detained 
without cause shewn, to which he may make 
answer according to law. And by the 16 
Cb 1. c. 10. if any person is restrained of his 
liberty, he may, upon application by his 
counsel, have a writ of habeas corpus, to 
bring him before the court of king’s bench or 
common pleas, who shall determine whether 
the cause of his commitment is just, and 
thereupon do as to justice appertains. 
For false imprisonment the law lias not 
-only decreed a punishment bv fine and im- 
prisonment, as a heinous public crime, but 
lias also given a private reparation to the 
.party by action at law, wherein lie shall 
recover damages for the loss of Iris time and 
liberty. 3 Black. 127. 
IMPROPER fractions. See Arith- 
metic, and Algebra. 
IMPROPRIATION, is properly so called 
when a benefice ecclesiastical is in the hands 
of a layman; and appropriation wriien in the 
hands of a bishop, college, or religious house, 
though sometimes these terms are confound- 
ed. It is said there are 3845 impropriations 
in England. 
IM PULSE, or Impulsive Eorce, the 
same with impetus. See Mechanics. 
INARCHING, in gardening. See Graft- 
ing. 
INCA, or Ynca, a name given by the 
natives of Peru to their kings, and the princes 
of the blood. 
INCAPACITY, in the canon law, is of 
two kinds: 1. The want of.a dispensation for 
ur-e in a minor, for legitimation in a bastard, 
.and the like: this renders the provision of a 
benefice void in its original. 2. Crimes and 
I N C • 
heinous offences, which annul provisidns "at 
first valid. 
INCH, a well-known measure of length, 
being the twelfth part of a foot, and equal to 
three barleycorns in length. 
INCIDENCE, in mechanics, denotes the 
direction in which one body strikes on ano- 
ther. See Mechanics, and Optics. 
INCLINATION, is a word frequently 
used by mathematicians, ’and signifies the 
mutual approach, tendency, or leaning, of 
two. lines or two planes towards each other, 
so as-to make an angle. 
Inclination of a right line to a plane, is the 
acute angle which that line makes with ano- 
ther right line drawn in the plane through the 
point where the inclined line intersects it, 
and through the point where it is also cut by 
a perpendicular drawn from any point of the 
inclined plane. 
Inclination of the axis of the earth, is the 
angle which it makes with the plane of the 
ecliptic; or the angle contained between the 
planes of the equator and ecliptic 
Inclination of a planet, is an arch of the cir- 
cle of inclination comprehended between the 
ecliptic and the plane of a planet in its orbit. 
See Astronomy. 
The greatest inclination of Saturn, accord- 
ing to Kepler, is 2° 32'; of Jupiter, 1*20 / ; of 
Mars, 1° 50' 30"; of Venus, 3°22 / ; of Mer- 
cury, 6° 54b According to de la Hire, the 
greatest inclination of Saturn is 2° 33' 30"; of 
Jupiter, 1° Iff 20"; ofMars, 1° 51'; of Venus, 
3° 25' 5"; of Mercury, 6° 52'. 
Inclination of a plane, in dialling, is the 
arch of a vertical circle, perpendicular both 
to the plane and the horizon, and intercepted 
between them. To find this, let AB (see Plate 
Misc. fig. 135) be a plane inclined to the ho- 
rizon HR ; apply to the plane ABa quadrant 
DCF, so that the plummet CEmav cut off 
any number of degrees on the limb, as EF: then 
the arch DE is the measure of tiie angle of 
inclination ABI1 ; for draw BG perpendicu- 
lar to HR, then because CE is parallel to 
BG, the angle ECF is equal to CBG; but 
DCF is equal to GBII, being both right an- 
gles, therefore the angle DCF — ECF, is 
equal to the angle GRH — CBG; that is, 
DCE is equal ABII. 
INCLINED plane, in mechanics, one 
that makes an oblique angle with the horizon. 
See Mechanics. 
INCOMMENSURABLE, a term in geo- 
metry, used where two lines, when compared 
to each other, have no common measure, how 
small soever, that will exactly measure them 
both. And in general, two quantities are 
said to be incommensurable, when no third 
quantity can be found that is an aliquot part 
of both. 
Such are the diagonal and side of a square; 
for though each of those . lines has infinite 
aliquot parts, as the half, the third, &c. yet 
not any part of the one, be it ever so little, 
can possibly measure the other, as is demon- 
strated by Euclid. 
Incommensurable numbers, are such 
as have no common divisor that will divide 
them both equally. 
INCORRUPTlBILES, or Incorrupti- 
col.e, in church history, heretics which had 
thejr original at Alexandria, in the time of 
the emperor Justinian. Their distinguishing 
tenet was, that the body of Jesus Christ was 
incorruptible from his conception, by which 
'they meant that after and from the time hr. 
was formed in the womb of his holy mother, 
he w as not susceptible of any change or alter- 
ation, not even of any natural and innocent 
passions, as hunger, thirst, &c. so that he ate 
without any occasion before his death, as 
well as after his resurrection. 
INCUBUS, or Night-mare. See Me- 
dicine. 
INCUMBENT, a clerk or minister who 
is resident on his benefice: he is called in- 
cumbent, because he does, or at least ought, 
to bend his w hole study to discharge the cure 
of his church. 
INCURVATION of the rat/s of light, 
their bending out of a rectilinear or straight 
course, occasioned by refraction. 
INDEMNITY, in law, the saving harm- 
less; or, a writing to secure one from all da- 
mage and danger that may ensue from any 
act. An indemnity in regard to estates is 
called a warranty. 
INDENTED, in heraldry, is when the 
outline of an ordinary is notched like the 
teeth of a saw. 
Indented line, in fortification, the same 
with* what the French engineers call redent ; 
being a trench and parapet running out and, 
in, like the teeth of a saw, and much used 
in irregular fortification. 
INDENTURE, is a writing containing a 
conveyance between two or more, indented 
or cut unevenly, or in and out, on the top 
or side, answerable to another writing that 
likewise comprehends the same words. For- 
merly when deeds were more concise than at 
present, it was usual to write both parts on 
the same piece of parchment, with some 
words or letters written between them, 
through which the parchment v.-as cut, either 
in a straight or indented line, in such a man- 
ner as to leave half the word on one part, and 
half on the other: and this custom is still pre- 
served in making out the indentures of a line.. 
But at last, indenting only has come into 
use without cutting through any letters at all ; 
and it seems at present to serve for little 
other purpose than to give name to the spe- 
cies of the deed. 2 Black. 294. 
INDEPENDENTS, a sect of protestants 
in England and Holland, so called from their 
independency, on other churches, and their x 
maintaining that each ettureh or congregation 
has sufficient power to act and perform every 
thing relating to religious government within 
itself, and is no way subject or accountable to 
other churches or their deputies. 
The present independents ditfer from the 
presbyterians only in their church govern- 
ment, in being generally more attached to 
the doctrines distinguished by the term ortho- 
doxy, such as original sin, election, reprobation, 
&c. and in administering the Lord’s supper 
at the close of the afternoon’s service. '1 he 
several sects of baptists are all independents 
with respect to church-government; and, 
like them, administer the" Lord’s supper in 
the evening, whereas the presbyterians admi- 
nister it after the forenoon’s service. 
INDETERMINATE problem, in alge- 
bra, one which is capable ot an indefinite 
number of solutions. 
INDEX, in arithmetic and algebra, shews 
to what power any quantity is involved, and 
is otherwise called exponent. 
Index of a logarithm, that which shews 
of how many places the absolute number be’- 
