30 
I N T 
estates and titles which a person has in or out 
of lands, Sec . ; for by grant of a person’s 
whole interest in land, a reversion, as well 
as possession, in fee-simple, passes. 
INTERJECTION, in grammar, an inde- 
clinable part of speech, signifying some pas- 
sion or emotion of the mind. 
INTERLOCUTORY order, in law, an 
order that does not decide the cause, but only 
some matter incident to it, which happens be- 
tween the beginning and end of a cause ; as 
when, in chancery or exchequer, the plaiiitilf 
obtains an order for an injunction until the 
hearing of the cause ; which order, not being 
final, is called interlocutory. 
INTERMITTENT, or Intermitting 
Fevers. See Medicine. 
INTERNAC, in general, signifies what- 
ever is within a thing. 
Euclid proves that the sum of the three 
internal angles of every triangle is equal 
to two right angles; whence he deduces 
several useful corollaries. lie likewise 
adduces, from the same proposition, this 
theorem, viz. that the sum of the angles 
of every rectilinear figure, is equal to twice 
as many right angles, as the figure hath sides, 
excepting or subtracting four. 
INTERROGATORIES, are questions ex- 
hibited in writing to be asked witnesses or 
contemnors to be examined. Those interro- 
gatories are in the nature of a charge or accu- 
sation; and if any of them is improper, the 
defendant may refuse to answer it, and move 
the court to have it struck out. Str. 444. 
IN TERSECTION, in the mathematics, 
signifies the cutting of one line or plane by 
another : thus we say, that the mutual inter- 
section of two planes is a right line. 
INTERVAL, in music, the difference in 
point of gravity or acuteness between any 
two sounds. Taking the word in its more 
general sense, we must allow that the possible 
intervals of sound are infinite, but we only 
speak of those intervals which exist between 
the different tones of any established system. 
The antients divided the intervals into sim- 
ple, or uncomposite, which they call dia- 
stems, and composite intervals, which they 
call systems. The least of all the intervals in 
the Greek music was, according to Bacchius, 
the enharmonic diesis, or fourth of a tone ; 
but our scale does not notice so small a divi- 
sion, since all our tones concur in conso- 
nances, to which order only one of the three 
antient genera, viz. the diatonic, was accom- 
modated. Modern musicians consider the 
semitone as a simple interval, and only call 
those composite which consist of two or more 
semitones thus from B to C is a semitone, or 
simple interval, but from C to U is tw'o half- 
tones, or a compound interval. 
INTESTATES. There are two kinds of 
intestates ; one that makes no will at all ; and 
another that makes a will, and nominates exe- 
cutors, but they refuse; in which case he dies 
an intestate, and the ordinary commits admi- 
nistration. 2 Par. Inst. 397. 
The ordinary by special acts of parliament 
is required to grant administration of the ef- 
fects of the deceased to the widow or next of 
kin, who shall first pay the debts of the de- 
ceased, and then distribute the surplus among 
the kindred, in the manner and according to 
I N V 
the proportions directed by 22 and 23 Car 
II. c. 10. 
IN I ESTINA, in natural history, an order 
of vermes. The individuals of this order are 
01 a formation the most simple, and live 
some of them within other animals, some in 
waters, and a few in the earth. I iie gordius 
perforates clay to give a passage to springs 
and water ; the lumbricus pierces the earth, 
that it may be exposed to the action of the 
air and moisture : in like manner the teredo 
penetrates wood ; and the phloas and mytil- 
lus rocks, to effect their dissolution. 
INI ES'l 1NES. See Anatomy, and 
Physiology. 
IN I RUSION, in law, is when the an- 
cestor dies seised of any estate of inheritance, 
expectant upon an estate for life ; and then 
the tenant for life dies, between whose death, 
and the entry of the heir, a stranger intrudes. 
IN V EC I ED, in heraldry, denotes a thing 
fluted or furrowed. See Heraldry. 
INVENTION. See Painting. 
INA ES 1 1 I U RE, in law, is the giving pos- 
session of lands by actual seisin. T he ancient 
feudal investiture was, where the vassal on des- 
cent of land was admitted into the lord’s court, 
and there received his seisin, in the nature of 
a renewal of his ancestor’s grant, in the pre- 
sence of the rest of the tenants: but in after- 
times, entering on any part of the lands, or 
other notorious possession, was admitted to be 
equivalent to the formal grant of seisin and 
investiture. 2 Black. 209. 
The manner of grant was bv words of pure 
donation, “ have given and granted:” which 
are still the operative words in our modern 
infeodations or deeds of feoffment. This was 
perfected by the ceremony of corporal in- 
vestiture, or open and notorious delivery of 
possession in the presence of the other "vas- 
sals. 
But a corporal investiture being sometimes 
inconvenient, a symbolical delivery of pos- 
session was in many cases anciently allowed 
of ; by transferring something near at hand, 
in the presence ot credible witnesses, which 
by agreement should serve to represent the 
very thing designed to be conveyed; and an 
occupancy of this sign or symbol was per- 
mitted as equivalent to the occupancy of the 
land itself. And to this dav, the conveyance 
of many of our copyhold estates is made from 
the seller to the lord, or his steward, by deli- 
vering a rod or verge, and then from the 
lord to the purchaser, by a re-delivery of the 
same, in the presence of a jury of tenants. 
2 Black. 313. 
INULA, fleabane, a genus of the synge- 
nesia polygamia-superflua class of plants* with 
radiated flowers : the receptacle is naked ; 
the down is simple ; and the anther* termi- 
nate in set* at their bases. There are thirty- 
four species, of no note. 
1N\ OICE, an account in writing of the 
particulars of merchandise, with their value, 
custom, charges, &c. transmitted by one mer- 
chant to another in a distant country. 
One copy of every invoice is to be inserted 
verbatim in the invoice-book, for the mer- 
chant’s private use ; and another copy must, 
immediately upon shipping off the goods, be 
dispatched by post, or otherwise, to the cor- 
respondent. This copy is commonly drawn 
out upon a sheet of large post-paper, to the 
end of which is subjoined a letter of advice. 
J O I 
IN VOLF CRUM. See Botany. 
IN \ OLIJ 1 ION. See Algebra. 
JOIN t ACTIONS: in personal artions,- 
several .wrongs may be joined in one writ; 
but actions’ founded upon a tort and a con- 
tract cannot be joined, lor they require dif- 
ferent pleas and different process. 1 Vent, 
336. 
Joint and several: an interest cannot 
he granted jointly and severally ; as if a man 
grants the next advowson, or makes a lease for I 
years, to two jointly and severally ; these ] 
words (severally) are void, and they are joint 
tenants. 5 Rep. 19. 
Joint lives: lease for years to husband 
and wife, if they or any issue of their bodies j 
should so long live, has been adjudged so 
long as either the husband, wife, or any of 
their issue,. should live; and not only so long 
as die husband and wife, &c. should jointly j 
live. Moor, 539. 
Joint tenants, are those that cotne to, 1 
and hold lands or tenements by one title pro j 
iudiviso, or without partition. * 
these are distinguished from sole or seve- j 
ral tenants, from parceners, and from tenants 
in common: and they must jointly implead, 
and jointly be impleaded by others, which , 
properly is common between them and co- I 
parceners; but joint tenants have a sole qua- 
hty ot survivorship, which coparceners have j 
not; for it there are two or three joint tenants, j 
and one has issue and dies, then he or those 1 
joint tenants that survive, shall have the whole ; 
by survivorship. Cowel. 
The creation of an estate in joint tenantry 
depends on the wording of the deed or devise, 1 
by which the tenant claims title ; for this 1 
estate can only arise by purchase or grant, j 
that is, by the act of the parties ; and never j 
by the mere act of law. Now if any estate I 
is given to a plurality of persons, ‘without ] 
adding any restrictive, exclusive, or ex plana- 
tory words, as if an estate is granted to A and ] 
B and their heirs, this makes them immedi- 
at ely joint tenants ir, fee of the lands ; for the 
law interprets the grant, so as to make all ] 
parts of it take effect, which can only be done 1 
by creating an equal estate in them both. As | 
therefore the grantor has thus united their I 
names, the law gives them a thorough union I 
in all other respects. 2 Black. ISO. 
If there are two joint tenants, and one re- ] 
leases the other, this passes a fee without 1 
the word heirs, because it refers to the whole j 
fee, which they jointly took, and are possessed ] 
of by force of the first conveyance ; but the 1 
tenants in common, cannot release to each 1 
other, for a release supposes the parly to* ; 
have the thing in demand, but tenants in | 
common have several distinct freeholds, I 
which they cannot transfer otherwise than as j 
persons who are sole seized. Co. Lit. 9. 
Although joint tenants are seized per mie \. 
et per tout, yet to divers purposes each of I 
them has but a right to a moiety ; as to en- ] 
feoff, give, or demise, or to forfeit or lose by j 
default in a praecipe; and therefore where j 
there are two or uore joint tenants, and they 1 
all join in a feoffment, or each of them in 1 
judgment gives but his part. Co. Lit. 186. 
The right of survivorship shall take place i 
immediately upon the death of the joint te- J 
nant, whether it is a natural or civil death ; j 
as- if there are two joint tenants, and one of ] 
