S 4 
I s s 
J U D 
ghronous, is applied to such vibrations of a 
pendulum, as are performed in the same space 
of time ; as all the vibrations or swings of the 
same pendulum are, whether the arches it 
describes are longer or shorter: for when it 
describes a shorter arch, it moves so much 
the slower, and when a long one propor- 
tion ably faster. 
Isochronal line, that in which a heavy 
body is supposed to descend without any ac- 
celeration. 
ISOETES, a geuus of the natural order of 
filices, belonging to the cryptogamia class of 
plants. 1 he antherae of the male l'lower are 
within the base of the frons or leaf. The cap- 
sule of the female flower is bilocular, and 
within the base of the leaf. There are two 
species. 
ISOPERIMETRICAL Figures, in ge- 
ometry, are such as have equal perimeters, or 
circumferences. 
1. Of i. s op eri metrical figures, that is the 
greatest that contains the greatest number of 
sides, or the most angles, and consequently a 
circle is the greatest of all figures that have 
the same ambit as It has. 
2. Of two isoperimelrioal triangles, hav- 
ing the same base, whereof two sides of one 
are equal, and of the other unequal, that is 
the greater whose two sides are equal. 
3. Of isoperimetrical figures, whose sides are 
equal in number, that is. the greatest which is 
equilateral and equiangular. From hence fol - 
lows that common problem of making the hedg- 
ing or walling that will wall in one acre, or 
even any determinate number of acres, j, fence 
or wall in any greater number of acres what- 
ever !>. In order to the solution of this problem, 
let the greater number b be supposed a square. 
Let x be one side of an oblong, whose area is a; 
then will — be the other side ; and 2 - — {- 2.v 
x X 
will be the ambit of the oblong, which must be 
equal to four times the square-root of b ; that 
• 
is, 2 \-2\—4,y b. Whence the value of 
X 
x may be easily had, and you may make infinite 
jiumbers,of squares and oblongs" that have the 
same ambit, and yet shall have different given 
areas, thus 
Let \/b = d, 
2a -j- 4x-x 
'then, 
= 4 d 
a -J~ 2xx — _z 2 dx 
2rx — 2 dx — — a 
a 
dx -j- \dd — - {- \dd 
V T 
~(~ \dd -|- \d. 
Thus, if one side of the square be 10; and 
one side of an oblong be 19, and the other 1 : 
then will the ambits of that square and oblong 
fie equal, viz. each 40, and yet the area of the 
square will be 100, and of the oblong but 19. 
ISOPYRUM, in botany; a genus of the 
polygynia order, in the polyandria class of 
plants ; and in the natural method ranking 
under the 26ln order, mnltisiliquu. There is 
no v calyx, Outlive petals; the nectaria trilid 
and tubular; the capsules recurved and po- 
lyspennous. There are two species, of no 
note. 
ISSUE, in law, has several significations, 
it being sometimes taken for the children be- 
gotten between a man and his wile ; some- 
times for profits arising from amercements 
and lines ; and sometimes for the profits issu- 
ing out of lands or tenements: but this word 
generally signifies the conclusion, or point of 
matter, that issues from the allegations and 
pleas of the plaintiff and defendant in a cause 
to be tried by a jury or court. 
I here are two kinds of issues in relation to 
causes, that upon a matter of fact, and that 
upon a matter of law: that of fact is where 
the plaintiff and defendant have fixed upon a 
point to be tried by a jury: and that in law 
is where there are a demurrer to a declara- 
tion, &c. and a joinder in demurrer, which is 
determinable only by the judges. Issues of 
lact are either general or special: they are 
general, when it is left, to the jury to' find 
whether the defendant Inis done any such 
thing as the plaintiff has alleged against him; 
and special, where some special matter, or 
material point alleged bv t.ne defendant in 
ids defence, is to be tried. General issue 
also signifies a plea in which the defendant is 
allowed to give the special matter in evidence, 
by way of excuse or justification ; this is 
granted by several statutes, in order to pre- 
vent a prolixity 7 in pleading, by allowing the 
defendant to give any thing in evidence, to 
prove that the plaintiff had no cause for his 
action. 
Issues on sheriffs , are such amercements 
and fines to the crown, as are levied out of 
the issues and profits of the lands of sheriffs, 
for their faults and neglects: but these issues, 
on shewing a good and sufficient cause, may 
be taken off before they are estreated into the 
exchequer. 
Issues. See Surgery. 
1 1 EA, a genus of the monogvnia order, in 
the pentandria class of plants; and in the na- 
tural method ranking with those of which the 
order is doubtful. The petals are long and 
inserted into the calyx; the cap ule un. locu- 
lar and bivalved. There are two species, na- 
tives of North America. 
IV A, a genus of the pentandria order, in 
the monoecia class of plants; and in the natu- 
ral method ranking under the 49th order, 
composite. The male calyx is common and 
triphy lions; the florets of the disc monopeta- 
lotis and quinquefid; the receptacle divided 
by small hairs. There is no female calyx 
nor corolla ; but five florets in the radius ; 
two long styles; and one naked and obtuse 
seed. There are two species, natives of 
America. 
JUDGE. The judges are the chief ma- 
gistrates in the law, to try civil and criminal 
causes. Of these there are twelve in Eng- 
land, viz. the lords chief justices of the courts 
of king’s-bench and common-pleas; the lord 
chief baron of the exchequer; the three 
puisne or inferior judges of the two former 
courts, and the three puisne barons of the 
latter. 
By stat. 1 Geo. III. c. 23. the judges are 
to continue in their offices during their good 
behaviour, notwithstanding any demise of the 
crown (which was formerly lipid immediately 
to vacate their seats), and their full salaries 
are absolutely secured to them during the 
coininuance of their commissions, by which 
means the judges are rendered completely in- 
J U G 
dependant of the king, his ministers, or hi* 
successors. 
A judge at his creation fakes an oath, that 
he will serve the king, and indifferently ad- 
minister justice to all men, without respect of 
persons, take no bribe, give no counsel where 
he is a party, nor deny right to any, though 
the king or any other, by letters, or by ex- 
pressed words, command the contrary, &c. 
and in default of duty, to be ansv erable to the 
king in body, land, and goods. 
VV here a judge lias an interest, neither he 
nor his deputy can determine a cause, or sit 
in court; and if he does, a prohibition lies.: 
llardw. 503. 
Judges are punishable for wilful offences,] 
against the duty of their situations; instances 
of which happily live only in remembrance.] 
There are ancient precedents of judges who| 
w ere lined when they transgressed toe lawsj 
though commanded by warrants from the] 
king. 
Judge is not answerable to the king, or the» 
party, for mistakes or errors of his judgment, 
in a matter of which he has jurisdiction. 1 
Salk. 397. 
JUDGMENT. The opinion of the judges 
is so called, and is the very voice and final 
doom of the law, and therefore is always! 
taken for unquestionabh truth; or it is the] 
sentence of the law pronounced by the court, 
upon the matter contained in the record. 
Judgments are ol four sorts, viz. 1 . 
YV here the facts are confessed by the p rties-,. 
and the law determined by the court, which 
is termed judgment by demurrer. 
2. Where the law is admitted by the par- 
ties, and the facts only are disputed, as in 
judgment upon a demurrer. 
3. Where both the fact and the law arising 
thereon are admitted by the defendant, as in 
case ot judgment by Confession or default. 
4. W here the plaintiff is convinced that/act 
or law, or both, are insufficient to support 
lus action, and therefore abandons or with- 
draws his prosecution, as in case of judgment 
upon a nonsuit or retraxit. See Warrant] 
of Attori ey. 
Judgments are either interlocutory or 
final. 
Interlocutory judgments are such as are 
given in the middle of a cause, upon some 
plea, proceeding, or default, which is only 
intermediate, and does not finally determine 
or complete the suit; as upon dilatory pleas, 
when the judgment in many cases ’is, that 
the defendant shall answer over ; that is, put 
in a more substantial plea. 
Final judgments, are such as at once put 
an end to the action, by declaring that the] 
plaintiff has either entitled .himself, or has 
not, to recover tiie remedy be sues for. 3. 
Black. 398. 
JUGERUM, in Roman antiquity, a’ 
square of 120 Roman teet ; its proportion to ■ 
the English acre being as 10,000 to 16,097. 
JUGLANS, the walnut, a genus of the: 
monoecia class, and polyandria order of: 
plants; and in. the natural method ranking 1 
under the 50tli order, amentaceax The 
male calyx is monopliyllous, and squami-f 
form; the corolla divided into six pints; 
there are 18 filaments : the female calvx is-j 
quatiriird, super or; the corolla quadr'ipar-l 
the; there are two styles, and the fruit is a. 
