JUL 
JUN 
Mum with a furrowed kernel. There are 8 
ipecies, the most remarkable of which is the 
regia or common walnut. Other two spe- 
cies, called the nigra and alba, or black and 
ivliite Virginian walnut, are also cultivated in 
this country, though they are less proper for 
fruit, having very small kernels. 
JUGULAR. See Anatomy. 
; JUGU LAKES, in the Lin mean system, 
is the name of an order or division of lish, 
the general character of. which is that they 
have ventral lms. See Fish. 
I JUJUBES. See Materia Medica. 
j JULEP. See Pharmacy. 
j J LUJ AN PERIOD. See Chronology. 
JULUS, a genus of insects, of the order 
aptera. The generic character is, antennas 
piioniliform; feelers two, jointed; body sub- 
jcylindric; legs numerous, twice as many on 
each side as the segments of the body. The 
juli are very nearly allied to the scolopen- 
dneor centipedes, but their body, instead of 
being flattened, as in those insects, is nearly 
cylindrical; and every joint or segment is 
furnished with two pair of feet, the number on 
each side doubling that of the segments, 
Whereas in the scolopendne the number of 
joints and of feet is equal on each side. The 
! eyes- of the juli are composed of numerous 
J hexagonal convexities, as in the major part 
j of the insect tribe, and the mouth is furnish- 
f ed with a pair of denticulated jaws. These 
animals, when disturbed, roil themselves up 
in a flat spiral: their' general motion is rather 
| slow and undulatory. The .most common 
species, the julus sabnlosus, is often seen in 
similar situations with the onisci and §colo- 
peudrac, and usually measures about an inch 
and quarter in length : its colour is a polished 
brownish black, except the legs, which are 
p ile or whitish: it is an oviparous animal, 
and the young, when first hatched, are very 
f small, of a whitish colour, and are furnished 
only with three pair of legs, which are situ- 
ated on each side the superior parfy or near 
the head; the remaining pairs not making 
their appearance till some days after, when 
about seven on a side become visible: the 
restare gradually acquired till the number is 
complete, which usually amounts, according 
to Linnaeus, to a hundred and twenty on 
each side: so long as this species continues 
in its young or growing state, it is of a pale 
colour, with a dark-red spot on each side of 
every segment: in this state it may sometimes 
be found in the soft mould of hollow trees. 
Julus Indus, or great Indian julus, bears an 
extreme resemblance to the former, but is of 
sgph a size as tQ measure six or seven indies 
in length : its colour is similar to that of the 
preceding. It is found in the warmer parts 
or Asia and- America, inhabiting woods and 
other retired places: the number of legs, ac- 
cording to Linnams, is a hundred and Jif- 
te u on each side, but this seems to be a va- 
riable character. 
Julus lagurus, or hare-tailed julus, is a very 
minute and singular species, not exceeding, 
I when at full growth, the eighth of an inch m 
length. Its colour is pale-brown, and its 
| shape rather broad, and llaltLh. Tills insect 
1 is by no, means uncomnbn, being seen dur- 
j ing the summer months creeping about the 
barks of trees, walls, & c. It is considered 
I by Linnaeus as a species of scolopendra, but 
as the legs are double the number the seg- 
| 
I 
meats on each side, it is move properly re- 
ferred by Degeer, Scopoli, and others, to the 
present genus. In fact it may be allowed, 
like the julus complanatus, another slightly 
flattened species, to form a kind of connect- 
ing link between the two genera. The julus 
terrestris lias 100 legs on each side: the body 
is a polished black. It inhabits most parts of 
Europe, under stones and in the earth. See 
Plate Nat. Hist. iig. 234. 
J UNCUS, the rush, a genus of the mono- 
gynia order, in the hexandria class of plants; 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
5th order, tripetaloidese. The calyx ishexa- 
phyllous; there is no corolla; thecapsule is 
unilocular. There are 29 species, univer- 
sally known, being very troublesome weeds, 
and difficult to be eradicated. The pith of 
two kinds, called the conglomerate and ef- 
fusus, or round-headed and soft rushes, is 
used for wicks to lamps and rushlights. The 
conglomerate, and aculus or marine rush, 
are planted with great care on the banks of 
the sea in Holland, in order to prevent the 
water from washing away the earth ; which 
would otherwise he removed every tide, if it 
was not for the roots of those rushes, which, 
fasten very deep in the ground, and mat 
themselves near the surface in such a manner 
as to hold tire earth closely together. In the 
summer-time when the rushes are fully 
grown, they are cut and tied up in bundles, 
w hich are dried, and afterwards carried into 
the larger towns and cities, where they are 
wrought into baskets, and several other 
useful things, which are frequently sent into 
England. These sorts do not grow so strong 
in tiiis country as on the Maese, where they 
sometimes arrive at the height of four leet 
and upwards. 
JUNG ERMANNI A, a genus of the na- 
tural order of alga 1 , in the cryptogamia class 
of plants. The male flower is pedunculated, 
and naked; the anthera qnadrivalved : the 
temale flower is sessile, naked, with roundish 
seeds. There are 48 species, all natives of 
Britain, growing in w oods, shady places, by 
the sides of ditches, &c. Many of them are 
beautiful objects for the microscope. 
JUNGIA, a genus of the polvgamia se- 
gregata order, in the syngenesia class of 
plants: the common receptacle is chaffy; 
the periapthium three-flowered; the ilorets 
tubular, two-lipped; the exterior lip ligu- 
late ; tne interior one bipartite. There is 
one species, a native of S. America. 
JUNIPERUS, the juniper tree ; a genus 
of the monadelphia order, in tiie monoecia 
class of plants; and in the natural method 
ranking under the 51st order, conifers. The 
male amentum is a calyx 'of scales.; there is 
no corolla; three stamina: the female calyx 
tripartite; there are three petals, and as 
many styles; the berry is trispermous, and 
equal, by means of three tubercles of the 
indurated calyx adhering to it. There are 
12 species; the most remarkable are, 1. 
T he communis, or common juniper, grows 
naturally in many parts of Britain upon dry 
barren commons, where it seldom rises above 
the height of a low shrub, which grows na- 
turally only in dry, chalky, or sandy land. 
Of this species there is a variety called 
Swedish juniper, .which grows ten or twelve 
feet high, very branchy the whole length, 
with the branches growing more erect, and 
j U ft 35 
leaves, flowers, and fruit, like the former. 
2. The oxycedrus, or Spanish juniper, rises 
from ten to fifteen feet high, closely branched 
from bottom to top; having short, awl- 
shaped, spreading leaves by threes, and 
small dioecious flowers, succeeded by large 
reddish-brown berries. 3. The thuniera, or 
blue-berriecl Spanish juniper, grows twenty 
feet high or more. 4. The Virginiapa, or 
Virginia cedar, grows thirty or forty feet 
high, branching from bottom to top in a conic 
manner. 5. The Lycia, Lycian cedar, or 
olibanum tree, grows twenty feet high. 6. 
The Phoenicia, or Phoenician cedar, grows 
about twenty feet high. It is a native of 
Portugal. 7. The Bermudiana, or Bermu- 
dian cedar, grows twenty or thirty feet high. 
8. The, sabina, or savin tree; of which there 
are three varieties, the spreading, upright, 
and variegated savin. The propagation of 
all the junipers is by seed, and of the savins 
by layers and cuttings. 
Juniper-berries have a strong, not disa- 
greeable smell ; and a warm, pungent, sweet 
taste, which, if they are long chewed, or pre- 
viously well bruised, is followed by a bitterish 
one. The pungency seems to reside in the 
bark; the sweet in the juice; the aromatic 
flavour in oily vesicles spread through the 
substance of tlie pulp, and distinguishable 
even by the eye ; and the bitter in the seeds. 
JURY. This strong tower of defence of 
the British constitution, which is one of the 
leading features of the Magna Charta, is com- 
posed of a certain number of persons sworn 
to enquire of, and try some fact, and declare 
the truth upon the evidence brought before 
them. 
In criminal cases juries are divided into 
grand and petty. The grand jury must be 
all freeholders, but it does not appear that 
any specific estate has been determined to be 
necessary ; before them the charge is laid, 
and unless twelve or more of them are of 
opinion that it is well founded, the accusation 
is dismissed ; which they call not finding a 
true bill. If they find a true bill, it must af- 
terwards be confirmed by the unanimous suf- 
frage of a petty jury of 12 men upon whom 
no suspicion of partiality can possibly rest. 
In civil cases juries are divided into com- 
mon and special. The latter are generally 
employed in ca^es where any difficulties with 
respect to commercial transactions arise, 
and are best decided by a special jury of 
merchants. 
To obtain a special jury, a motion is made 
in court, and rule granted, for the sheriff to 
attend the master, prothonotary, or other 
proper officer, with his freeholders’ book, in 
the presence of the attorneys on both sides, 
and to take indifferently forty-eight free- 
holders, when each party strikes off twelve, 
and the remaining twenty-four are returned 
upon the panael. 
A common jury is one returned by the 
sheriff according "to the directions of 3 Geo. 
li. c. 25. which appoints that the sheriff shall 
not return a separate pannel for every cause, 
but the same for every 'cause to be tried at 
the same assizes, containing not less than 
lorty-eight, nor more than seventy-two; and 
that their names being written on tickets, 
shall be put into a box, and w hen the cause 
is called, twelve whose names shall be first 
drawn shall be sworn, unless absent, chaL. 
