30 
J U R 
J u s 
X X I 
lenged, or excuse;], They are then sworn 
to given true verdict according to the evi- 
dence, unless they are challenged. 
Challenges are of two kinds; challenges to 
the array, and challenges to the poll. Chal- 
lenges to the array are an exception to the 
whole pannel. Challenges to the poll are ex- 
ceptions to particular jurors, and are reduced 
to four heads by sir Edward Coke. 
1. Propter honoris respectmn; as a lord 
of parliament may be challenged by both 
parties, or challenge himself. 
2. Propter defectum. If a juryman is an 
alien-born, or it he is a slave or bondman, 
they are defects; but the principal deficiency 
is want ot a sufficient estate, which is now ten judge, he shall lose his hand and his goods 
pounds per annum in England, and six pounds ami the profits of his land during life, and 
in \\ ales, ol freehold or copyhold lands; and j suffer perpetual imprisonment, 
any leaseholder for the term of five hundred j IVORY, ebur, in natural history, &c. a 
years, or any term determinable upon life or hard, solid, and firm substance, of a white 
A jury when either party is an alien-born, 
shall he half denizens, and the othey aliens 
(if there are so many in the place) ; but when 
both parties are aliens, it is presumed there is 
no more partiality for the one than thi other, 
and therefore it was resolved the jury shall 
all be denizens. 
If a juror receives a bribe from either 
party, he shall forfeit ten times as much as he 
has taken, half to the king, and half to him 
who sues. 
A man who threatens or assaults a juror 
for giving a verdict against him, is punish- 
able by line and imprisonment; and if lie 
strikes him in court in the presence of the 
lives of the clear yearly value of twenty 
pounds per annum above the rent, is qua- 
lified. 
3. Propter affectum. When the juror 
may be suspected of partiality. 
4. Propter delictum. For some crime or 
misdemeanor that affects the juror’s credit, 
and renders him infamous. 
The service of jurymen is also sometimes ! 
excused ; as sick and decrepid persons, persons ■ 
not commorant in the county, men above se- ' 
\ enty years old, and infants ; physicians, coun- ] 
sel, attorneys, officers of the courts, and the 
like. Clergymen are also usually excused, j 
but are liable in respect of their lay fees, tin- ! 
less they are in the service of the king, or j 
some bis iiop. 
In criminal cases, when the prisoner has 
put himself upon the country, the sheriff 
returns a pannel of unexceptionable freehold- 
ers of the county where the fact is com- 
mitted. 
In these cases, at least in capital ones, 
challenges may be made not only on the ac- 
counts before mentioned, both to the array 
or to the polls on the parts of the king and 
prisoner, but the prisoner is allowed a kind of 
peremptory challenge (which is now limited 
to twenty persons), without shewing any 
cause at all. Phis privilege is denied to the 
king, who must assign a reason for the chal- 
lenge. 
* If by reason of challenges, or in default of 
the jurors, a sufficient number cannot be had 
of the original pannel, a tales may be awarded 
both in civil and criminal cases, that is, a suf- 
ficient number of persons present in court 
to be joined to the other jurors, who are 
however liable to the same challenges as the 
principal jurors. 
The jury, after the proofs are summed up, 
unless t ie case is very clear, retire to con- j 
skier, and. are kept w ithout me it, drink, tire, | 
or candle, till they are unanimously agreed, 
if the jury eat or drink, or have victuals 
about them, without the consent of the 
court, before the verdict, it is finable ; aij^fif 
they do it at the charge of him for whom they 
find, the verdict will be set aside. Also if 
they speak with either of the parties, or their 
agents, after they are gone from the bar, or if 
they receive any fresh evidence, or cast lots 
to prevent dispute, the verdict is bad. 
When the jury have delivered their verdict, 
ard it is recorded in court, they ere dis- 
missed. 
colour, and capable of a very, good polish, 
j It is the tusk of the elephant, and is hollow 
; from the base to a certain height, the cavity 
being tilled up with a compact medullary 
! substance, seeming to have a great number 
: of glands in it It is observed that the Cey- 
lon ivory, and that of the island of Achem, do 
i not become yellow in the wearing, as all 
j other ivory does; for this reason the teeth of 
j these places bear a larger price than those of 
j the coast of Guinea. 
To soften ivory and other bones, lay them 
for twelve hours in aqua lbrtis, and then three 
days in the juice of beets, and they will be- 
come so soft that they maybe worked into 
any form. To harden them again, lay them 
in strong vinegar. Dioscorides says, that by 
boiling ivory for the space of six hours with 
the root of mandragoras, it will become so 
soft that it may be managed as one pleases. 
1 v or y- black is the coal of ivory or bone 
formed by great heat, while deprived of all 
access of air. 
JUPITER, in astronomy, one of the 
superior planets, remarkable for its great 
j brightness. See Astronomy. 
| Jury-mast, whatever is set up in room of 
I a mast that has been lost in a storm or in an 
: engagement, and to which a lesser yard, 
ropes, and sails, arc- fixed. 
] Jl SSLEA, a genus of the monogynia or- 
I der, in the decandria class of plants; and in 
j the natural method ranking under the 17th 
S order, calycanthemax The calyx is quadri- 
partite, or quinquepartite superior; there are 
| tour or five petals ; the capsule quadrilocu- j 
j lar or quinquelocular, oblong, opening at the ! 
angles; the seeds are numerous, and small. 
There are 1 1 species, mostly herbacepus j 
plants of the W. Indies. 
JUSTICE, in a legal sense, a person de- j 
pitted by the king to administer justice to his j 
subjects, whose authority arises from his de- | 
putalion, anti not by right of magistracy. 
In the courts of king’s bench and common 
pleas there are two judges styled chief jus- 
tices, each of whom retains the title of lord 
during the time of his continuing in office. 1 
The iirst of tiiese, who is styled lord chief 
justice of England, has a very extensive 
power and jurisdiction in pleas of the crown. | 
lie hears all pleas in civil causes brought be- 
fore him in the court of king’s bench, and 
also the pleas of the crown; while, on the 
other hand, the lord chief justice of the com- 
mon pleas has the hearing of all civil causes 
between comntcn persons. Besides the lords 
chief justices, there are in each of the above 
courts three puisne justices; there are also 
several other justices appointed b\ the king 
for the execution of the laws; suck as the 
lords justices in eyre of the forests, who are 
t wo justices appointed to determine all of- 
fences commuted itt the king's forests; jus- 
tices of assize, of oyer and terminer, of gaol- 
deliverv, tkc. 1 hev are also called justices 
of nisi prius, and so denominated from the 
words used in a common form of adjourn- 
ment ot a cause in the court ot common 
pleas. See Nisi Pri*-, Oyer and Ter- 
miner, Common Pleas, and Kings 
Bench. 
Justices of tin- Peace. See Peace. 
JUSTICIARY, or court of J ustjc i ary, I 
in Scotland, a court of supreme jurisdiction 
in all criminal cases. 
This court came in place of the justice-1 
eyre or justice-general, which lkst was taken 
away by parliament in 1672, and was erected 
into a justice or criminal court, consistin'* of 
a justice-general alterable at the monarch’s 
pleasure, justice clerk, and five other judges, 
who are lords of session. 
This court commonly sits upon Mondays! 
and has an ordinary' clerk, who has his coin- 
mission from the justice-clerk. They have 
four macers, and a doomster appointed by] 
the lords of the session. 
The form of the process is this: the clerk 
raises a libel or indictment upon a bill passed 
by any of the lords of that court, at the in- 
stance of the pursuer, against the defendant 
or criminal, who is immediately committed to] 
prison alter citation. When the party, wit- 
nesses, great assize, or jury of forty-live men, 
are cited, the day of compearance being 
come, fifteen of the great assize are chosen to; 
he the assize upon the pannel, or prisoner at 
the liar. The assize sits with the judges to 
hear the libel read, witnesses examined, and 
the debates on both sides, which are written 
verbatim in the adjournal books. The king’s 
advocate pleads ior the pursuer, being the 
king’s cause, and other advocates for the pan- 
nel. The debates being closed, the judges 
find the libel or indictment either non-rele-l 
vant, in which case they desert the diet,' and 
assoil or absolve the party accused ; or, if re-3 
levant, then the assize or jury of fifteen is re- 
moved into a closer room, none being pre- 
sent with them, w here they choose their chan- 
cellor and clerk, and consider the libel, depo- 
sition, and debates; and bring in their ver- 
dict ofthe pannel sealed, guilty or i.ot guiltv: 
ii not guilty, the lords absolve; if guiltv, they 
condemn and declare their sentence ol con-1 
dem nation, and command the sentence to bej 
pronounced against the pannel by a macer 
and the mouth of the doomster. The lords! 
of the justiciary likewise go circuits tw ice a 
year into the country. See the article Cir- 
cuit. 
JUSTICIES, a writ directed to a sheriff,] 
by virtue of which he is empowered to hold a] 
pica of debt in his county-court for a sum 
above 40,v. though by his ordinary power he ( 
has only cognizance of sums under 4-0.y. 
JUSI1HCAT10N, in law, is an affirm-] 
ing or shewing good reason in court, whv 
one does such a thing as he is called to an- 
swer; as to justify in a cause of a replevin. 
IVY. See Hedera. 
1XIA, a genus of the monogynia order,, 
in the triandria class of plants ; and in the] 
