50 
L A P 
L A 11 
cut on a copper wheel with diamond-dust, 
tempered with olive-oil, and are polished on 
another copper wheel with Iripoli and water. 
The hyacinth, emerald, amethyst, garnets, 
agates, and other stones, not of an equal de- 
gree of hardness with the oilier, are cut on a 
leaden wheel with smalt and water, and po- 
lished on a tin wheel with Iripoli. '] lie tur- 
quois of the old and new rock, girasol, and 
opal, are cut and polished on a wooden 
wheel with tripoli also. 
LAPIS, in general, is used to denote a stone 
of any kind. See Mineralogy. 
Lapis calccdonius, a genus of stones con- 
sisting of silica, a small quantity of alumina, 
with about one-tenth of lime, and a slight 
trace of oxide of iron: hard, lightish, shining 
within, breaking into fragments with sharp 
edges; compact, not mouldering in the air; 
of a more or less perfectly conchoidal texture; 
never opake, tough, admitting of a high po- 
lish, and generally of a common form; not 
melting before the blowpipe. See Plate Nat. 
Hist. fig. 241. 
LAPLYSIA, or Sea-hare, a genus of ma- 
rine insects belonging to the order of vermes 
mollusca. See Plate. The body is covered 
with membranes reflected. It has a shield- 
like membrane on the back, a lateral pore 
on the right side, the anus on the extremity 
of the back, with four feelers resembling ears. 
The figure represents the depilans minor, 
which grows to two inches and a half in length, 
and to more than an inch in diameter; its 
body approaches to an oval figure, and is soft, 
punctated, of a kind of gelatinous substance, 
and of a pale lead-colour; from the larger 
extremity there arise four oblong and thick 
protuberances: these are the tentacula; two 
of th m stand nearly erect, two are thrown 
backward. It is not uncommon about our 
shores, especially off Angle^ea. It causes, 
by its poisonous juice, the hair to fall off 
the hands of those that touch it ; and is so 
extremely fetid as to create sickness at the 
stomach. The major, or greater sea-hare, 
grows to the length of eight inches. 
LAPPAGO, a genus of the triandria di- 
gynia class and order. There is one species, 
a grass. 
LA PS AN A, nipplewort, a genus of the 
polygamia aequalis order, in the syngenesia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 49th order, composite. 
Thej'eceptacle is naked; the calyx calicu- 
lated, with all the inferior scales canaliculated 
or finely channelled. There are five species, 
which grow commonly as weeds by the sides 
of ditches. The young leaves of the com- 
mon kind, called dock-cresses, have the taste of 
radishes, and are eaten raw at Constantinople 
as a sallad. In some parts of England the 
common people boil them as greens, but 
they have a bitter and disagreeable taste. 
LAPSE, the omission of a patron to pre- 
sent to a church, within six months after 
voidable; by which neglect title is given to 
the ordinary to collate to such church : and 
in such case, the patronage devolves from the 
patron to the bishop, from the bishop to the 
archbishop, and from the archbishop to the 
king. A donative does not go in lapse ; but 
the ordinary may compel dm patron by ec- 
clesiastical censures to fill up the vacancy. 
But if the donative has been augmented by 
the governors of queen Anne’s bounty, it will 
lapse in like manner a l preservative livings. 
LAPSED LEGACY, is where the legatee 
dies before the testator; or where a legacy is 
given upon a future contingency, and the le- 
gatee dies before the contingency happens. 
As if a legacy is given to a person when he 
attains the age of 21 years, and the legatee 
dies before that age; in this case the legacy 
is a lost or lapsed legacy, and shall sink into 
the residuum of the personal estate. 2 Black. 
0 13. 
LAE BO All D, among seamen, the left 
hand side of the ship, when you stand with 
your face towards the head. 
LARCENY, is the felonious and fraudu- 
lent taking away of the personal goods of an- 
other ; which goods, if they are above the 
value of 12 d. it is called grand larceny ; if of 
that value or under, it is petit larceny ; which 
two species are distinguished in their punish- 
ment, but not otherwise. 4 Black. 229- 
The mind only makes the taking of an- 
other’s goods to be felony, or a bare trespass 
only ; but as the variety of circumstances is 
so great, and the complications thereof so 
mingled, it is impossible to prescribe all the 
circumstances evincing a felonious intent, 
or the contrary ; it must therefore be left to 
the due and attentive consideration of the 
judge and jury, wherein the best rule Is, in 
doubtful matters, rather to incline to acquit- 
tal, than conviction. But in general it may 
be observed, that the ordinary discovery of a 
felonious intent, is, if the party do it secretly, 
or being charged with the goods deny it. 1 H. 
PL 509. 
As all felony includes trespass, every in- 
dictment must have the words feloniously 
took, as well as carried away : whence it fol- 
lows, that if the party be guilty of no trespass 
in taking the goods, he cannot be guilty of 
felony in carrying them away. I Ilaw. 89- 
With respect to what shall be considered a 
sufficient carrying away, to constitute the 
offence of larceny ; it seems that any the least 
removing of the thing taken, from tne place 
where it was before, is sufficient for this pur- 
pose, though it be not quite carried off. lliaw. 
93. 
As grand larceny is a felonious and fraudu- 
lent taking of the mere personal goods of an- 
other above the value of 1 2d. so it petit 
larceny, wdiere the thing stolen is but of the 
value of \2d. or under. In the several other 
particulars above-mentioned, petit larceny 
agrees with grand larceny. 1 Haw. 95. 
In petit larceny there can be no accessaries 
either before or after. 1 H. II. 530. 
Larceny from the person. If larceny from 
the person be done privily without his know- 
ledge, by picking of pockets or otherwise, it 
is excluded from the benefit of clergy by 
8 Eliz. c. 4, provided the thing stolen be 
above the value of 12 d. 2 H. H. 336. 
But if done openly and avowedly before 
his face, it is within the benefit of clergy. 1 
Haw. 97. 
Larceny from the house. Every person 
who shall be convicted of the feloniously tak- 
ing away in the day-time, any money or goods 
of tire value of 5s. in any dwelling-house, or 
out-house thereunto belonging, and used to 
and with the same, though no person lie there- 
in, shall be guilty of felony, without benefit of 
clergy. 39 Eliz. c. 15. 
Receiving stolen goods. Any person who 
shall buy or receive any stolen goods, know- 
11 
LAR 
ing them to be stolen; or shall receive, har- 
bour, or conceal any felons or thieves, know- 
ing them to be so ; shall be deemed accessary 
to the felony : and being 'convicted on the 
testimony of one witness, shall suffer death 
as a felon convict; but he shall be entitled 
to his clergy. 5 Anne c. 3 1 . 
Any person convicted of receiving or buy- 
ing stolen goods, knowing them to be stolen, 
may be transported for fourteen years. 4 
Geo. I. c. 11. 
Where the principal felon is found guilty 
to the value of lOd. that is, of petit larceny 
only, the receiver, knowing the goods to have 
been stolen, cannot be transported for four- 
teen years, and ought not to be put upon his 
trial ; for the acts which make receivers of 
stolen goods knowingly, accessaries to the 
felony, must be understood to make them 
accessaries in such cases only, where by law 
an accessary may be; and there can be no 
accessary to petit larceny., Fost. 74. 
Every person who shall apprehend any 
one guilty ot breaking open houses in a fes 
lonious manner, or oi privately and feloni- 
ously stealing goods, wares, or merchan- 
dizes, of the value of 5-s. in any shop, ware- 
house, coach-house, or stable, though it is 
not broken open, and though no person is 
therein to be put in fear, and shall prosecute 
him to conviction, shall have a certificate 
without fee, under the band of the judge, 
certifying such conviction, and within what 
parish or place' the felony was committed, 
and also that such felon was discovered and 
taken, or discovered or taken, by the person 
so discovering or apprehending; and if any 
dispute arise between several persons so dis- 
covering or apprehending, the judge shall 
appoint the certificate into so many" shares, 
to be divided among tne persons concerned, 
as to him shall seem just and reasonable. 
Leache’s Cro. Law, 307. bee Burglary. 
LAKK. bee Alauda. 
LARKSPUR, bee Delphinium. 
LARVA, in natural history, a name given 
by Linnaeus to insects in that state, called 
by other writers eruca, or caterpillar. 
LARI'S, the gull, a genus in the order of 
anseres, the characters of which are : the bill 
is straight, cult fated, a little crooked at the 
point, and without teeth; the inferior man- 
dible is gibbons below the apex ; the nostrils 
are linear, a little broader before, and situated 
in the middle of the beak. The different 
species arc principally distinguished by their 
colour. The most remarkable are, 
1. The marinus, or black-backed gull, in 
length 29 inches, in breadth five feet nine. 
The bill is very strong and thick, and almost 
four inches long ; the colour a pale yellow; 
the head, neck, whole under-side, tail, and 
lower part of the back, are white; the upper 
part of the back and wings are black ; the 
quill-leathers tipt with white; the legs of a 
pale flesh-colour. It inhabits several parts 
of England, and breeds on the highest cliffs. 
The egg is blunt at each end, of a dusky 
olive-coiour, quite black at the greatei end 
and the rest of it thinly marked" with dusky 
spots. It is also common on most ot the 
northern coasts of Europe. It frequents 
Greenland, but- chiefly inhabits the distant 
rocks. It lays there eggs in May, placing 
them on the heaps of dung which the birds 
leave there from time to time. It is said to 
attack other birds, and to be particularly am 
