52 
L A T 
L A T 
L A T 
Bcfew in E, the conical end F may at any 
time be made to lit its socket: the puppet G 
has a cylindric hole through its top to receive 
the polished pointed rod d, which is moved 
by the screw e, aad fixed by the screw/; the 
whole puppet is fixed on the triangular pris- 
matic bar ii, by a clamp fig. ! 43. the two ends 
, of which, a, b, are put through holes b, in the 
bottom of the puppet under the bar, and the 
whole is fixed by the screw c. pressing against 
it ; by this means the puppet can be taken 
off the bar without first taking off the stand- 
ard I, as in the common lathes ; and the tri- 
angular bar is found to be far preferable to 
the double rectangular one in common use. 
The rest J is a similar contrivance; it is in 3 
pieces; see figs. 1 40,141,142. Fig.l4l is a piece, 
the openmg (a, b, c ) in which is laid upon the 
bar ti, fig. 138.; the four legs dddd of fig. 
142. are then put up under the bar (into the 
recesses in fig. 1 4 1 . which are made to re- 
ceive them), so that the notches in dddd 
may be level with the top of fig. 141.: the two 
beads ef in fig. 140. are then slid into the 
notches in the top of dddd, to keep the 
whole together ; the groove i is to receive 
a corresponding piece on e f, fig. 140., to 
steady it; the whole of fig. 140. has a metallic 
cover, to keep the chips out of the grooves. 
It is plain, that by tightening the screw h in the 
bottom of figs. 138. and 142., the whole will 
be fixed and prevented from sliding along the 
bar H, and lig. 1 40. from sliding in a direction 
perpendicular to the bar; the piece /, on 
which the tool is laid, can be raised or lowered 
at pleasure, and fixed by the screw in. On 
the end n of the spindle P, figs. 138. and 
139., is screwed occasionally an universal 
chuck for holding any kind of work which is 
to be turned (fig. 144.). A is the female screw 
to receive the screw n, fig. 138. ; near the bot- 
tom of the screw A is another BB, which is 
prevented from moving endways by a collar 
in the middle of it fixed to the screw A : one 
end of the screw BB is cut right-handed, and 
the other left-handed, so that by turning the 
screw one way, the two nuts EF will recede 
"from each other, or by turning it the contrary 
wav, they will advance towards each other ; 
the' two nuts EF pass through an opening in 
the plate C, and project beyond the same, 
carrying jaws like those of a vice, by which 
the s'ubjbCt to be turned is held. 
The large lathes which Mr. Maudslay uses 
in his manufactory, instead of being worked 
bv the foot, as represented jn fig. 138., 
are worked by hand ; the wheel and fly-wheel 
which the men turn work by a strap on an- 
other wheel, fixed to the ceiling directly over 
it ; on the axis of this \\heel is a larger one, 
which turns another small wheel or pulley, 
fixed to the ceiling, directly over the man- 
drel of the lathe; and this last has on its axis 
a larger one which works the mandrel I), by 
a band of catgut. These latter wheels are 
fixed in a frame of cast iron, moveable on a 
joint; and this frame has always a strong ten- 
dency to rise up, in consequence of the ac- 
tion or' a heavy weight ; the rope from which, 
after passing over a pulley, is fastened to the 
frame. This weight not only operates to keep 
the mandrill-band tight, when applied to anv 
of the grooves therein, but always makes the 
strap between the two wheels on the ceiling 
fit. As it is necessary that the workman 
should be able to stop his lathe, without the 
uten stopping who are turning the great 
wheel, there are two pulleys, or rollers, (on 
the axis of the wheel over the lathe) for the 
strap coming from the other wheel, on the 
ceiling; one of these pulleys, called the dead 
pulley, is fixed to the axis, and turns with it; 
and the other which slips round it, is called 
the live pulley : these p'ulieys are put close 
to each other, so that by slipping the strap 
upon the live pulley, it will not turn the axis; 
but if it is slipped on the other, it will 
turn with it: this is effected by an horizontal 
bar, with two upright pins in it, between 
which the strap passes. This bar is moved in 
such a direction as will throw the strap upon 
the live pulley, by means of a strong bell- 
spring ; and in a contrary direction it is moved 
by a cord fastened to it, which passes over a 
pulley, and hangs down within reach of the 
workman's hand: to this cord is fastened a 
weight, heavy enough to counteract the bell- 
spring, and bring the strap up to the dead 
pulley, to turn the lathe; but when the 
weight is laid upon a little shelf, prepared for 
the purpose, the spring will act and stop it. 
The following is a description of Mr. 
Smart’s newly invented lathe for turning cy- 
linders of wood for the purpose of tent-poles, 
pickets, handles for tools, See. &c. the opera- 
tions of which are so readily performed, that 
from octagonal bars of yellow deal, 5-| feet 
long (previously prepared by means of a cir- 
cular saw) one man, besides two labourers 
to turn the wheel, will turn out 600 perfectly 
cylindrical poles, in the space of 12 hours. 
A A, fig. 6., (Plate Smart’s lathe) represents 
the standards for supporting the great wheel, 
that gives motion to the lathe; these are sup- 
ported by pieces of board BB spiked to the 
ceiling or joists above, and by others CC 
affixed to the floor of the workshop. The 
great wheel DD is grooved round the edge 
for receiving the endless screw B and E, E, and 
is put in motion by the winch-handle F F. 
G and II are the standards of the lathe, firmly 
fixed to the floor, and carrying the side-pieces 
or bed 1 1 ; the standard G is tall enough to 
act as a fixed puppet, and has a screw a 
working through it, for supporting the end 
of the mandrel or spindle of this lathe, as in ] 
the common lathe. K, L, and M, are three 
other puppets that can be lixed in any place 
desired, by wedges beneath the bed as usual. 
To the puppet K is screwed a thick iron plate 
h, which has a conical socket, nicely turned 
and polished, for receiving the mandrel: this 
puppet is further steadied by a brace N, 
screwed to it, and to the floor of the shop. To 
the puppet K and L two bars oo are fixed, 
by screws, and the same are further support- 
ed and steadied by three short puppets P P P. 
The mandrel, and its pulley Q, are nearly of 
the common construction, except that the 
end c has a steel point in its centre, and two 
shorter points for preventing the octagonal 
piece of wood intended to be turned from 
slipping or turning without the mandrel. The 
puppet L has a square -pointed bar d fitted 
to it ; and the puppet M has a screw, worked 
by its handle e, which by means of a collar 
advances or draws back the bar d. R is a 
piece of wood, fixed to the bed and to the 
lloor, for the purpose of carrying a pulley/ 
whose use is to prevent the wheel-band EE 
from wearing by friction at the place where 
it crosses. Figs. 7. and 8. represent the gouge 
and plane, successively used instead of the 
common turner’s chisel, &c. : the pieces of 
board cm are screwed to the block b, just at 
the proper distance of the outsides of the 
bars on, fig. 1., so that when the tools, figs. 
7. and 8. are placed on them, they can be slid 
along steadily, between the puppets h and L ; 
the holes cc being so adapted as to suit the 
mandrel and bar c and d as centres, and their 
diameters are sufficient to let the octagonal 
bar intended to be turned pass through them, 
without touching; d, lig. 7., is a piece of 
tempered steel, formed as a gouge, and 
screwed fast to the side of the block, in 
the proper position for roughing off the 
angles of the octagonal bar, as it advances, 
and turns through the hole c. c rig. 7., is a 
flat piece of steel, like a plane-iron (shewn 
separately at/), which is so fixed by a screw, 
that it may smooth or complete 'the c\!in- 
drical surface of a pole, already gouged as 
above, which is advanced, and turned through 
it. The operation is thus performed : The 
two tools figs. 7 and 8, are placed on the bar 
oo, fig. 6, and shoved close up to the puppet 
L; the square bar being long enough tor its 
point / then to project through the centres 
of the holes cc, figs. 7 and 8. '1 he workman 
then takes an octagonal pole, enters the 
centre pin of the mandrel c into the centre of 
its end, and the point d into the centre of the 
other end, turning the handle e sufficiently 
to allow the pole to be steadily turned: the 
wheel D is then set in motion ; the workman- 
pushes the gouge-tool, fig. 8., forwards, to- 
wards the puppet K, which, as it advances 
quickly, strikes off the angles of the pole in a 
rough or screw-like form. When the gouge- 
tool, fig. 8., has advanced to the end of the 
pole, the finishing-tool, fig. 7., is in like man- 
ner shoved forwards by the workman ; and as- 
it advances, the pole is turned info a com- 
plete and smooth cylinder. The projection* 
of the mandrel be, fig. 6, is sufficient to admit 
the gouge and plane tools, to advance so as* 
to clear the end of the pole; and Irv turning 
back the handle c, the same can be taken out 
of the lathe as soon us it is stopped. 4 lie- 
velocity of the mandrel Q is such, as to make 
upwards of 1200 turns per minute, 
i EA 1 It LEE A, a genus of t lie angiospennia- 
order, in the didynamia class of plants, and 
in the natural method ranking under the 40tli 
order, personate. The calyx is quadrifid ; 
there is a depressed glandule at the base of 
the suture of tiie germen. The capsule is 
unilocular. There are four species. 
LATHS, cleaving of. The lath-cleavers 
having cut their timbers into lengths, cleave 
each piece with wedges into 8, 12, or 16, ac- 
cording to the size of their timber; these 
pieces are called bolts: this is done by the 
felt-grain, which is that grain which is seen to 
run round in rings at the end of a piece of a 
tree. Thus they are cut out for the breadth 
of the laths, and this w ork is called felting. 
Afterwards they cleave the laths into then- 
proper thicknesses with their chit, by the 
quarter-grain, which is that which runs in 
straight lines towards the pith. 
LATLIYRUS, chick l ing vetepo, a genus 
of the decaudria order,, in the diadelphia 
class of plants, and in the natural method 
ranking under the 32d order, papilionacete. 
The stylus is plain, villous abuve, towards 
the end broader ; the upper two segments of 
the calyx are shorter than the rest. 
The species are 23, among which are: 
1. The latifolius, or everlasting pea. 2. The 
2 
