L I L 
L I M 
in Germany, and Sudermania in Sweden. 
There it is mixed with granite in large amor- 
phous massfes. It is composed of thin plates, 
easily separated, and not unlike those or 
mica. Not easily pulverised. Speciiic gra- 
vity 2.8549. Colour of the mass, violet- 
blue; of the thin plates, silvery white. 
Powder white, with a tint of red. Before the 
blowpipe, it froths, and melts easily into a 
white semitransparent enamel, full of bubbles. 
Dissolves in borax with effervescence, and 
communicates no colour to it. Effervesces 
slightly with soda, and melts into a mass 
spotted with red. With microcosmic salts 
it gives a pearl-coloured globule. 
This stone was first called liialite from its 
colour, that of the lily. Klaproth, who dis- 
covered its component parts, gave it the 
name of lepidolile. 
It is composed of 53 silica 
20 alumina 
18 potass 
5 tluat of lime 
3 oxide of manganese 
1 oxide of iron 
100 . 
LILTUM, the lilt / ; a genus of the mono- 
gvnia order, in the hexandria class of plants ; 
and in the natural method ranking under the 
10th order, coronariie. The corolla is hexa- 
petalous, and campanulated, with a longitudi- 
nal nectariferous line or furrow ; the capsules 
connected by small cancellated hairs. There 
are eleven species; all of them bulbous- 
rooted, herbaceous, flowery perennials, ri- 
sing with erect annual stalks three or four 
feet high, garnished with long narrow leaves, 
and terminated by fine clusters of large, bell- 
shaped, hexapetalous flowers of great beauty, 
of white, red, scarlet, orange, purple, and 
yellow colours. 
All the species are propagated by sowing 
the seeds; and if care is taken to preserve 
these seeds from good flowers, very beautiful 
varieties are often produced. 
The roots of the white lily are emollient, 
maturating, and suppurative, and are used 
externally in cataplasms for these purposes 
with success. The common form of apply- 
ing them is, boiled and bruised. Gerard re- 
commends them internally against dropsies. 
The Kamtschatence, or Kamtschatka lily, 
called there saranne, makes a principal part 
of the food of Kamtschatkans. Its roots are 
gathered by the women in August, dried in 
the sun, and laid up for use : they are the 
best bread of the country; and after being 
baked are reduced to powder, and serve in- 
stead of flour in soups and several dishes. 
They are sometimes washed, and eaten as 
potatoes; are extremely nourishing, and 
have a pleasant bitter taste. Our navigators 
boiled and ate them with their meat. The 
natives often parboil, and beat it up with se- 
veral sorts of berries, so as to form of it a 
very agreeable confection. Providentially it 
is an universal plant there, and all the grounds 
bloom with its flower during the season. 
Another happiness remarked there is, that 
while li h are scarce, the saranne is plentiful; 
and when there is a dearth of this, the rivers 
pour in their provisions with-redoubled pro- 
fusion. It is not to the labours of the females 
alone that the Kamtschatkans are indebted 
for these roots. A species of mouse saves 
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them a great deal of trouble. The saranne j 
forms part of the winter provisions of that! 
little animal : they not only gather them in j 
the proper season, and lay them lip in their! 
magazines, but at times have the instinct ot j 
bringing them out in sunny weather lo dry 
them, lest they should decay. The natives ; 
search for their hoards; but with prudent j 
tenderness leave part for the owners, being 
unwilling to suffer such useful caterers to j 
perish. 
UMAX, the slug, or naked snail ; a ge- 
nus of insects belonging to the order of 
vermes mollusca. The body is oblong, lifted 
for crawling, with a kind of muscular coat on 
t lie upper part, and the belly is plain. They 
have four tentacula, or horns, situated above 
the mouth, which they extend or retract at ! 
pleasure. This reptile is always destitute of j 
shell; but besides that its skin is more clam- | 
my, and of a greater consistency, than that of | 
the snail, the black naked slug lias a furrowed ; 
cloak, almost as thick and as hard as leather, I 
under w hich it w ithdraws its head as within a | 
shell. The head is distinguished from the ! 
breast by a black line. It is in its head and ; 
back that the snail-stone is found; which is a 1 
small pearled and sandy stone, of the nature j 
of limestones: according to a popular opi- j 
nion, it cures the tertian ague, if fastened to 
the patient's arm. These slugs move on 
slowly, leaving every where clammy and 
shining marks of their passage. They de- 
posit their eggs in the earth. There are 
eight species, distinguished entirely by their 
colour; as the black slug, the white slug, the 
reddish slug, the ash-coloured slug, &c. The 
black slug is hermaphrodite. A black slug, 
powdered over' w ith snuff, salt, or sugar, falls 
into convulsions, casts forth all its foam, and 
dies. 
LIME, one of those earthy substances, 
which exist in every part of the known 
world. It is found purest in limestone, 
marble, and chalk. None of these substances 
are lime, but are capable of becoming so by 
burning in a white heat. 
Lime may be also obtained perfectly pure 
by burning those crystallized limestones call- 
ed calcareous spars, which are perfectly 
white and transparent, and also by burning 
some pure white marbles. It may be pro- 
cured also in a state of purity by dissolving 
oyster-shells in muriatic acid, tiltring the 
solution, mixing it w T ith ammonia as long as 
a white powder continues to fall, and til- 
tring again. The liquid is now 7 to be mixed 
with a solution of carbonat of soda : the pow- 
der which falls being washed and dried, and 
heated violently in a platinum crucible, is 
pure lime. 
Pure lime is of a white colour, moderately 
hard, but easily reduced to a powder. It 
lias a hot burning taste, and in some mea- 
sure corrodes and destroys the texture of 
those animal bodies to which it is applied. Its 
specific gravity is 2.3. It tinges vegetable 
blues green, and at last converts them to 
yellow 7 . 
If w'ater be poured on newly burnt lime, 
it sw ells and falls to pieces, and is soon re- 
duced to a very fine powder. In the mean 
time so much heat is produced, that part 
of the water flies off in vapour. If the quan- 
tity of lime slacked (as this process is term- 
ed) be great, the heat produced is sufficient 
L I M 71 
to set fire to combustibles. In (his manner, 
vessels loaded with lane have sometimes 
been burnt. When great quantities of lime 
are slacked in a dark place, not only heat 
but light also is emitted, as Mr. Pelletier has 
observed. When slacked lime is weighed, 
it is found to be heavier than it was before. 
This additional weight is ow ing to the com- 
bination of part of the water with the lime; 
which water may be separated again by the 
application of a red heat; and by this pro- 
cess the lime becomes just w hat it w as be- 
fore being slacked. Hence the reason of 
the heat evolved during the slacking of lime. 
Part of the water combines with the lime, 
and thus becomes solid; of course it pails 
w ith its-caloric of fluidity, and probably also 
with a considerable quantity of caloric, which 
exists in water even when in the state of ice: 
for when two pvrts of lime and one part of 
ice (each at 32 n ) are mixed, they combine 
rapidly, and their temperature is elevated to 
212°. ’ 'Fhe elevation of temperature during 
the slacking of barytes and sirontian is ow- 
ing to the same cause. 
The smell perceived during the slacking 
of lime is owing to a part o! that earth being 
elevated along with the vapour of the wa- 
ter ; as evidently appears Irons this circum- 
stance, that vegetable blues exposed to this 
vapour are converted to green. 
Limestone and chalk, though they are ca- 
pable of being converted into lime by burn- 
ing, posesses hardly any of the properties of 
that active substance. They are tasteless, 
scarcely soluble in water, and do not per- 
ceptibly act on animal bodies. Now, to 
what are the new 7 properties of lime owing ? 
\Y hat alteration does it undergo in the fire ? 
It had been long known, that limestone 
loses a good deal of weight by being burned 
or calcined. It was natural to suppose, 
therefore, that something is separated from 
it during calcination. Dr. Black, of Edin- 
burgh, published in 1756, those celebrated 
experiments on this subject, which form so 
brilliant an era in the history of chemistry. 
He first ascertained, that the quantity of 
water separated from limestone during its 
calcination is not nearly equal to the weight 
which it lost. lie concluded in consequence, 
that it must have lost something else than 
mere water. What this could be, he was at 
first at a loss to conceive ; but recollecting 
that Dr. Hales had proved, that limestone, 
during its solution in acids, emits a great 
quantity of air, lie conjectured that this 
might probably be what it lost during cal- 
cination. He calcined it accordingly, and 
applied a pneumatic apparatus to receive 
the product, tie found his conjecture veri- 
fied ; and that the air and water which se- 
parated from the lime were together pre- 
cisely equal to the loss of weight which it had 
sustained. Lime, therefore, owes its new 
properties to the loss of air ; and limestone 
differs from lime merely in being combined 
w 7 ith a certain quantity of air : for he found 
that, by restoring again the same quantity of 
air to lime, it was converted into limestone. 
This air, because it existed in lime in a fixed 
state, he called fixed air. It was afterwards 
examined by Dr. Priestley and other phi- 
losophers ; found to possess peculiar proper- 
ties, and to be that species of gas now known 
by the name of carbonic acid gas. Lime 
